Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... Acetyl CoA is converted to OAA in the glyoxylate cycle (乙醛 酸循環), that operates in bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and some animals. Some organisms can fix inorganic carbon by incorporating it into two carbon and three-carbon organic compounds (e.g., Calvin cycle;卡爾文循環). These compounds enter the ...
... Acetyl CoA is converted to OAA in the glyoxylate cycle (乙醛 酸循環), that operates in bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and some animals. Some organisms can fix inorganic carbon by incorporating it into two carbon and three-carbon organic compounds (e.g., Calvin cycle;卡爾文循環). These compounds enter the ...
Abnormal Renal and Hepatic Glucose Metabolism in Type 2
... glucose in postabsorptive humans (3), and since increased hepatic glucose release had been found in diabetic animals (4, 5). However, increased renal glucose release has also been demonstrated in diabetic animals (6–9). Moreover, recent studies (10, 11) indicate that the human kidney may normally ac ...
... glucose in postabsorptive humans (3), and since increased hepatic glucose release had been found in diabetic animals (4, 5). However, increased renal glucose release has also been demonstrated in diabetic animals (6–9). Moreover, recent studies (10, 11) indicate that the human kidney may normally ac ...
INTRODUCTION
... content, is cholesterol. Cholesterol is not soluble in water, but is extremely soluble in hot alcohol or various other organic solvents. These types of fats have a melting point of about 146oC. Phospholipids are fats that will add stability to the final cheese product. They tend to contain lecithin ...
... content, is cholesterol. Cholesterol is not soluble in water, but is extremely soluble in hot alcohol or various other organic solvents. These types of fats have a melting point of about 146oC. Phospholipids are fats that will add stability to the final cheese product. They tend to contain lecithin ...
Pseudomonasa Communicative Bacteria - Sigma
... Bacillus cereus is a typically motile soil bacteria (up to 1 million cells per gram) and are able to build resistant centrally located endospores. The cells are rod-shaped, have a size of 1 x 5-10 μm and usually occur in chains. The colonies on most media are dull and frosted. It is a Gram-positive ...
... Bacillus cereus is a typically motile soil bacteria (up to 1 million cells per gram) and are able to build resistant centrally located endospores. The cells are rod-shaped, have a size of 1 x 5-10 μm and usually occur in chains. The colonies on most media are dull and frosted. It is a Gram-positive ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... When a genetic defect affects mainly an isoform of an enzyme expressed in liver, a common symptom is hypoglycemia, relating to impaired mobilization of glucose for release to the blood during fasting. When the defect is in muscle tissue, weakness & difficulty with exercise result from inability ...
... When a genetic defect affects mainly an isoform of an enzyme expressed in liver, a common symptom is hypoglycemia, relating to impaired mobilization of glucose for release to the blood during fasting. When the defect is in muscle tissue, weakness & difficulty with exercise result from inability ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... When a genetic defect affects mainly an isoform of an enzyme expressed in liver, a common symptom is hypoglycemia, relating to impaired mobilization of glucose for release to the blood during fasting. When the defect is in muscle tissue, weakness & difficulty with exercise result from inability ...
... When a genetic defect affects mainly an isoform of an enzyme expressed in liver, a common symptom is hypoglycemia, relating to impaired mobilization of glucose for release to the blood during fasting. When the defect is in muscle tissue, weakness & difficulty with exercise result from inability ...
Metabolism and biochemical characteristics of yogurt bacteria
... and in central Europe. In many of these countries, yogurt is still manufactured using traditional procedures. Since the last world war, yogurt consumption has been steadily increasing not only in European countries, but also in the United States, enhancing its industrial-scale production. At present ...
... and in central Europe. In many of these countries, yogurt is still manufactured using traditional procedures. Since the last world war, yogurt consumption has been steadily increasing not only in European countries, but also in the United States, enhancing its industrial-scale production. At present ...
Gluconeogenesis differs in developing chick embryos derived from
... significant treatment effect with standard α (0.05) and power (80%) was determined to be 5 based on measured SD of various response variables from a similar study from our laboratory. To obtain a minimum sample size of 5 at each sampling time point (day of development) and to account for potential h ...
... significant treatment effect with standard α (0.05) and power (80%) was determined to be 5 based on measured SD of various response variables from a similar study from our laboratory. To obtain a minimum sample size of 5 at each sampling time point (day of development) and to account for potential h ...
Module 1. General principles of metabolism. Metabolism of
... 79. Ca++ or Mg++ are most likely to be part of ___________, while Zn++ or Fe++ are present in _______________. A. * Metal-activated enzymes; metalloenzymes B. Metalloenzymes; metal-activated enzymes C. Cofactors; coenzymes D. Coenzymes; cofactors E. Apoenzymes; holoenzymes 80. Conserved serine, hist ...
... 79. Ca++ or Mg++ are most likely to be part of ___________, while Zn++ or Fe++ are present in _______________. A. * Metal-activated enzymes; metalloenzymes B. Metalloenzymes; metal-activated enzymes C. Cofactors; coenzymes D. Coenzymes; cofactors E. Apoenzymes; holoenzymes 80. Conserved serine, hist ...
REPRODUCTION
... whereas no hormones were added to mouse IVM system. Sugiura et al. (2005) suggest hormone stimulation during IVM negates the oocyte-mediated promotion of glycolysis that was seen within mouse cumulus cells. Furthermore, in the mouse study, COCs and OOX were cultured in the presence of milrinone, a m ...
... whereas no hormones were added to mouse IVM system. Sugiura et al. (2005) suggest hormone stimulation during IVM negates the oocyte-mediated promotion of glycolysis that was seen within mouse cumulus cells. Furthermore, in the mouse study, COCs and OOX were cultured in the presence of milrinone, a m ...
Branched-chain 2-oxoacids transamination increases
... of insulin secretion might share a common mechanism with the sugar, consisting of an increased catabolic rate [11]. As BCKA may generate 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) in their transamination reaction with glutamate [8] and hence feed the tricarboxylic acid cycle, their different secretory capacities might al ...
... of insulin secretion might share a common mechanism with the sugar, consisting of an increased catabolic rate [11]. As BCKA may generate 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) in their transamination reaction with glutamate [8] and hence feed the tricarboxylic acid cycle, their different secretory capacities might al ...
Ch31-Gluconeogenesis and Maintenance of Blood Glucose Levels
... Some tissues of the body, such as the brain and red blood cells, cannot synthesize glucose on their own, yet depend on glucose for energy. On a long-term basis, most tissues also require glucose for other functions such as the synthesis of the ribose moiety of nucleotides or the carbohydrate portion ...
... Some tissues of the body, such as the brain and red blood cells, cannot synthesize glucose on their own, yet depend on glucose for energy. On a long-term basis, most tissues also require glucose for other functions such as the synthesis of the ribose moiety of nucleotides or the carbohydrate portion ...
Glycerol is a major substrate for glucose, glycogen, and
... 1971). Similarly, tissue glycogen begins to accumulate by embryonic day (e) 6 (via the uronic acid pathway), peaking on e12, declining 50% by e13, and then increasing >4-fold by e20 (Hazelwood, 1971). Even though several substrates can serve as precursors for glucose and glycogen synthesis (Langslow ...
... 1971). Similarly, tissue glycogen begins to accumulate by embryonic day (e) 6 (via the uronic acid pathway), peaking on e12, declining 50% by e13, and then increasing >4-fold by e20 (Hazelwood, 1971). Even though several substrates can serve as precursors for glucose and glycogen synthesis (Langslow ...
evaluation of certain food additives
... of flavouring substances reflects an unlikely situation in which the same individuals are consumers of all the substances. Nevertheless, this results in conservative estimates that allow evaluations to be completed. The Committee therefore recommended the establishment of a working group to develop ...
... of flavouring substances reflects an unlikely situation in which the same individuals are consumers of all the substances. Nevertheless, this results in conservative estimates that allow evaluations to be completed. The Committee therefore recommended the establishment of a working group to develop ...
Module 2 General principles of metabolism. Мetabolism of carbohy
... D. None of the above E. Ten substrates 54. The result of a(n) __________ reaction is that energy is released. Energy must be added for a(n) __________ reaction to proceed. A. Enzyme catalyzed, non-spontaneous B. * Exergonic, endergonic C. Endergonic, spontaneous D. Catalytic, non-catalytic E. Oxidat ...
... D. None of the above E. Ten substrates 54. The result of a(n) __________ reaction is that energy is released. Energy must be added for a(n) __________ reaction to proceed. A. Enzyme catalyzed, non-spontaneous B. * Exergonic, endergonic C. Endergonic, spontaneous D. Catalytic, non-catalytic E. Oxidat ...
as PDF
... Laboratory diagnosis of hypoglycemia is very important in medical praxis especially in pediatric, internal medicine (hepatology, renal failure, and cardiology) neuropsychiatry disorders and so on. Glucose is the name of the simple sugar found in plant and animal tissues. It is made within plants as ...
... Laboratory diagnosis of hypoglycemia is very important in medical praxis especially in pediatric, internal medicine (hepatology, renal failure, and cardiology) neuropsychiatry disorders and so on. Glucose is the name of the simple sugar found in plant and animal tissues. It is made within plants as ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to an acceptor. Hexokinase, then, catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to a variety of six-carbon sugars (hexoses), such as glucose and mannose. Hexokinase, as well as all other kinases, requires Mg2⫹ (or another diva ...
... enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to an acceptor. Hexokinase, then, catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to a variety of six-carbon sugars (hexoses), such as glucose and mannose. Hexokinase, as well as all other kinases, requires Mg2⫹ (or another diva ...
Chocolate Flavour Review - Author`s Copy, CRFSN 2008
... et al., 1994a). Guilloteau et al. (2005) noted that physical and biochemical properties of the active T. cacao seed TcAP2 aspartic proteinase complex are novel suggesting the highly expressed gene product may represent a previously uncharacterized activity. A purified TcAP2 gene product efficiently ...
... et al., 1994a). Guilloteau et al. (2005) noted that physical and biochemical properties of the active T. cacao seed TcAP2 aspartic proteinase complex are novel suggesting the highly expressed gene product may represent a previously uncharacterized activity. A purified TcAP2 gene product efficiently ...
Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Digestive Lipase in
... Abstract Penaeus vannamei lipase was purified from midgut gland of whiteleg shrimp. Pure lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3) was obtained after Superdex 200 gel filtration and Resource Q anionic exchange. The pure lipase, which is a glycosylated molecule, is a monomer having a molecular mass of about 44.8 kDa, as ...
... Abstract Penaeus vannamei lipase was purified from midgut gland of whiteleg shrimp. Pure lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3) was obtained after Superdex 200 gel filtration and Resource Q anionic exchange. The pure lipase, which is a glycosylated molecule, is a monomer having a molecular mass of about 44.8 kDa, as ...
Marine Biotecnology
... Abstract Penaeus vannamei lipase was purified from midgut gland of whiteleg shrimp. Pure lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3) was obtained after Superdex 200 gel filtration and Resource Q anionic exchange. The pure lipase, which is a glycosylated molecule, is a monomer having a molecular mass of about 44.8 kDa, as ...
... Abstract Penaeus vannamei lipase was purified from midgut gland of whiteleg shrimp. Pure lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3) was obtained after Superdex 200 gel filtration and Resource Q anionic exchange. The pure lipase, which is a glycosylated molecule, is a monomer having a molecular mass of about 44.8 kDa, as ...
Beta-Cell Function and Failure in Type 1 Diabetes
... secreting different hormones: -cells (insulin), -cells (glucagon), -cells (somatostatin), PPcells (pancreatic polypeptide) and -cells (ghrelin). The endocrine pancreas represents 1% to 5% of the total pancreatic mass (Kim, S.K. & Hebrok, M. 2001). In the islet, beta-cells (-cells) are approxima ...
... secreting different hormones: -cells (insulin), -cells (glucagon), -cells (somatostatin), PPcells (pancreatic polypeptide) and -cells (ghrelin). The endocrine pancreas represents 1% to 5% of the total pancreatic mass (Kim, S.K. & Hebrok, M. 2001). In the islet, beta-cells (-cells) are approxima ...
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis with Gastric Necrosis in a Female
... Other causes of pancreatitis such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome, sepsis, viral infection, hypercholesterolemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, cystic fibrosis, and corticosteroid use did not appear to be present in our case. Because of the short clinical course, assessment of some of these factors, su ...
... Other causes of pancreatitis such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome, sepsis, viral infection, hypercholesterolemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, cystic fibrosis, and corticosteroid use did not appear to be present in our case. Because of the short clinical course, assessment of some of these factors, su ...
MEDICAL GRAND ROUNDS PARKLAND
... non-pathologic and non-experimental form of g lucose need , gl ucng on rises during the first 5 days and insulin falls reciprocally. This bihormonal adjustment does the fol1owing : 1) it increases production of amino acids . primarily alanine , in muscle; 2) it increases uptake of amino acids by the ...
... non-pathologic and non-experimental form of g lucose need , gl ucng on rises during the first 5 days and insulin falls reciprocally. This bihormonal adjustment does the fol1owing : 1) it increases production of amino acids . primarily alanine , in muscle; 2) it increases uptake of amino acids by the ...
Influence of Aerobic and Phototrophic Growth
... reaction had a lag period of about 10 min and was completely abolished when 10 mM-NaF, an inhibitor of 6-PG dehydratase, was added. It was therefore concluded that during the reaction 6-PG was converted to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the action of 6-PG dehydratase and KDPG aldolase, w ...
... reaction had a lag period of about 10 min and was completely abolished when 10 mM-NaF, an inhibitor of 6-PG dehydratase, was added. It was therefore concluded that during the reaction 6-PG was converted to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the action of 6-PG dehydratase and KDPG aldolase, w ...
Influence of Aerobic and Phototrophic Growth
... reaction had a lag period of about 10 min and was completely abolished when 10 mM-NaF, an inhibitor of 6-PG dehydratase, was added. It was therefore concluded that during the reaction 6-PG was converted to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the action of 6-PG dehydratase and KDPG aldolase, w ...
... reaction had a lag period of about 10 min and was completely abolished when 10 mM-NaF, an inhibitor of 6-PG dehydratase, was added. It was therefore concluded that during the reaction 6-PG was converted to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the action of 6-PG dehydratase and KDPG aldolase, w ...
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.