The Role of Different Sugars, Amino Acids and Few Other
... sealed capillary tube glued on a glass slide, was covered with a cover slip, and then was filled with 200 µl of washed bacterial cell suspension in chemotaxis buffer adjusted to a concentration of about 3 x 108 cells per ml (A560 of 0.4). The chemotaxis buffer was also used for washing cells twice b ...
... sealed capillary tube glued on a glass slide, was covered with a cover slip, and then was filled with 200 µl of washed bacterial cell suspension in chemotaxis buffer adjusted to a concentration of about 3 x 108 cells per ml (A560 of 0.4). The chemotaxis buffer was also used for washing cells twice b ...
Owens et al., 1998, Acidosis in cattle: a review.
... when high-concentrate diets are fed, probably because long dietary fiber provides a fibrous mat in the rumen to which protozoa attach and remain long enough to replicate. Free fatty acids and detergents reduce protozoal numbers, as well, and a low pH may cause defaunation. However, in addition to st ...
... when high-concentrate diets are fed, probably because long dietary fiber provides a fibrous mat in the rumen to which protozoa attach and remain long enough to replicate. Free fatty acids and detergents reduce protozoal numbers, as well, and a low pH may cause defaunation. However, in addition to st ...
Mechanism of the Inhibitory Action of Linoleic Acid on
... of protein synthesis and cell wall synthesis. In conditions of growth, Hancock & Park (1958) found that 36 % of the glycine was incorporated into protein and 64% into mucopeptide. Samples were mixed with an equal volume of ice-cold 10% (w/v) TCA, and after 60 to 120 min at 0 "C they were filtered th ...
... of protein synthesis and cell wall synthesis. In conditions of growth, Hancock & Park (1958) found that 36 % of the glycine was incorporated into protein and 64% into mucopeptide. Samples were mixed with an equal volume of ice-cold 10% (w/v) TCA, and after 60 to 120 min at 0 "C they were filtered th ...
Hyposalivation Strongly Influences Hypogeusia in the Elderly - J
... Taste sensory changes associated with advancing age may arise from alterations that are part of normal physiologic aging, or may occur in response to secondary influences such as the side effects of drugs or the effects of some diseases, the latter including periodontal disease/oral infections, nerv ...
... Taste sensory changes associated with advancing age may arise from alterations that are part of normal physiologic aging, or may occur in response to secondary influences such as the side effects of drugs or the effects of some diseases, the latter including periodontal disease/oral infections, nerv ...
The Fermentation of Lactulose by Colonic Bacteria
... bacteroides and other acid-sensitive organisms were metabolically more active at such pH values. Since high oral doses of lactulose, as used in the treatment of hepatic coma, produce acidification of colonic contents to below pH 5 . 5 (Conn & Lieberthal, 1979), acetic, butyric and lactic acids may b ...
... bacteroides and other acid-sensitive organisms were metabolically more active at such pH values. Since high oral doses of lactulose, as used in the treatment of hepatic coma, produce acidification of colonic contents to below pH 5 . 5 (Conn & Lieberthal, 1979), acetic, butyric and lactic acids may b ...
Note - EtoosIndia
... Anaerobic respiration was first reported by Kostytchev. Anaerobic respiration may takes place in bacteria, some lower parasitic animals (Ascaris, Taenia) plants, R.BCs. & muscles of human body. When oxygen is not available, then food is incompletely oxidised in to some organic compounds like eth ...
... Anaerobic respiration was first reported by Kostytchev. Anaerobic respiration may takes place in bacteria, some lower parasitic animals (Ascaris, Taenia) plants, R.BCs. & muscles of human body. When oxygen is not available, then food is incompletely oxidised in to some organic compounds like eth ...
risk and technical assessment report
... mice was not associated with any toxicity when assessed up to 14 days after inoculation (Section 4.3). The Applicant has noted that this micro-organism has a history of safe use in the preparation of commercial enzymes for the food industry. The latter is supported by a number of international organ ...
... mice was not associated with any toxicity when assessed up to 14 days after inoculation (Section 4.3). The Applicant has noted that this micro-organism has a history of safe use in the preparation of commercial enzymes for the food industry. The latter is supported by a number of international organ ...
Modulation of glucokinase by glucose, small
... affinity and positive co-operativity for substrate glucose, and is not susceptible to product (glucose 6-phosphate) inhibition [2,3]. These properties are critical to the role GK plays as the glucose sensor. Given its pivotal role in regulating glucose homoeostasis, there has been significant intere ...
... affinity and positive co-operativity for substrate glucose, and is not susceptible to product (glucose 6-phosphate) inhibition [2,3]. These properties are critical to the role GK plays as the glucose sensor. Given its pivotal role in regulating glucose homoeostasis, there has been significant intere ...
Chapter 1 – Title of Chapter
... inositol (in-OSS-ih-tall): a nonessential nutrient that can be made in the body from glucose. Inositol is a part of cell membrane structures. intrinsic factor: a glycoprotein (a protein with short polysaccharide chains attached) secreted by the stomach cells that binds with vitamin B12 in the small ...
... inositol (in-OSS-ih-tall): a nonessential nutrient that can be made in the body from glucose. Inositol is a part of cell membrane structures. intrinsic factor: a glycoprotein (a protein with short polysaccharide chains attached) secreted by the stomach cells that binds with vitamin B12 in the small ...
Non-volatile taste components of Agaricus blazei, Antrodia
... sugars. However, mannitol was not found in mycelia of common mushrooms (Hwang & Mau, 1997) or in this study. Soluble sugars, contained in the mushrooms, contributed a sweet taste (Litch®eld, 1967). Therefore, the high contents of soluble sugars would give rise to a moderately sweet perception, and n ...
... sugars. However, mannitol was not found in mycelia of common mushrooms (Hwang & Mau, 1997) or in this study. Soluble sugars, contained in the mushrooms, contributed a sweet taste (Litch®eld, 1967). Therefore, the high contents of soluble sugars would give rise to a moderately sweet perception, and n ...
ADP
... – One molecule of acetyl CoA is consumed – Undergo through four times of dehydrogenation, two times of decarboxylation, one time of ...
... – One molecule of acetyl CoA is consumed – Undergo through four times of dehydrogenation, two times of decarboxylation, one time of ...
On the Nucleotide Sequence of Yeast Tyrosine Transfer RNA
... there may be an enzyme that converts U to in the lower loop and another enzyme that does the right-hand loop (or the same enzyme might work on both loops). In either case the ~ in the tyrosine anticodon might be an incidental product of an enzyme whose real purpose is to change U to v2 in the wobble ...
... there may be an enzyme that converts U to in the lower loop and another enzyme that does the right-hand loop (or the same enzyme might work on both loops). In either case the ~ in the tyrosine anticodon might be an incidental product of an enzyme whose real purpose is to change U to v2 in the wobble ...
bile acids - The Vespiary
... exclusion chromatography using Sephadex G-75 gel. Some of these ion exchange resins are also employed for separation of various conjugated bile acids so that conjugation pattern is determined in the sample. The bile acid fraction obtained by any of these methods is treated with strong alkali (4 mol ...
... exclusion chromatography using Sephadex G-75 gel. Some of these ion exchange resins are also employed for separation of various conjugated bile acids so that conjugation pattern is determined in the sample. The bile acid fraction obtained by any of these methods is treated with strong alkali (4 mol ...
Nutrient Sensing through the Plasma Membrane of Eukaryotic Cells
... the available carbon at the expense of their more efficient competitors [5]. Because this unusual metabolism results in the production of ethanol and copious amounts of carbon dioxide, yeasts have been exploited for thousands of years for food and beverage production [6]. The tendency of most types ...
... the available carbon at the expense of their more efficient competitors [5]. Because this unusual metabolism results in the production of ethanol and copious amounts of carbon dioxide, yeasts have been exploited for thousands of years for food and beverage production [6]. The tendency of most types ...
Document
... Dogan et al. (2005) showed genotype dependent fruit weight and kernel ratio in walnuts grown in middle parts of Turkey that ranged from 7.82 to 18.74 g for fruit weight and 42.88 to 67.14% for kernel ratio, respectively. All those studies indicating that walnut genotypes grown different parts of the ...
... Dogan et al. (2005) showed genotype dependent fruit weight and kernel ratio in walnuts grown in middle parts of Turkey that ranged from 7.82 to 18.74 g for fruit weight and 42.88 to 67.14% for kernel ratio, respectively. All those studies indicating that walnut genotypes grown different parts of the ...
The Plasma Membrane - Beck-Shop
... membrane) that has an indispensable role in cell viability. The selective permeability of the plasma membrane is a hallmark of this structure. It is important for organisms ...
... membrane) that has an indispensable role in cell viability. The selective permeability of the plasma membrane is a hallmark of this structure. It is important for organisms ...
Phospholipid Ester-linked Fatty Acid Biomarkers of
... species of these, namely Desul$obacter spp. and Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans, really grow well on acetate (Widdel & Pfennig, 1977, 1981a, 6) and may, therefore, be significant acetate oxidizers under natural conditions. Desulfobacter postgatei exhibits a high affinity for acetate (Schonheit et al., ...
... species of these, namely Desul$obacter spp. and Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans, really grow well on acetate (Widdel & Pfennig, 1977, 1981a, 6) and may, therefore, be significant acetate oxidizers under natural conditions. Desulfobacter postgatei exhibits a high affinity for acetate (Schonheit et al., ...
Absorption, hepatic metabolism and mammary
... glucose (65%). Mammary de novo fatty acid synthesis was 24% and combined with the cost of de novo fatty acid synthesis it utilized 37% of the mammary extracted glucose. All in all, glucose is the main energy source for lactating sows and an adequate starch intake is important for proper milk product ...
... glucose (65%). Mammary de novo fatty acid synthesis was 24% and combined with the cost of de novo fatty acid synthesis it utilized 37% of the mammary extracted glucose. All in all, glucose is the main energy source for lactating sows and an adequate starch intake is important for proper milk product ...
Perspective: emerging evidence for signaling roles of mitochondrial
... ATP may participate in the KATP channel-independent pathway, there is evidence that mitochondrial factors in addition to ATP (inter)act concomitantly with ATP to stimulate or enhance insulin secretion. The evidence for this idea comes from the fact that the -cell has a tremendous capacity for anapl ...
... ATP may participate in the KATP channel-independent pathway, there is evidence that mitochondrial factors in addition to ATP (inter)act concomitantly with ATP to stimulate or enhance insulin secretion. The evidence for this idea comes from the fact that the -cell has a tremendous capacity for anapl ...
Intraplastidic Localization of the Enzymesthat Convert Cucumber
... Laboratory of Plant Pigment Biochemistry and Photobiology, 202 ABL, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 these enzymes is more controversial. On the basis of osmotic lysis of crude etiochloroplast preparations accompanied by differential centrifugation, Smith and Rebeiz (27) proposed that ...
... Laboratory of Plant Pigment Biochemistry and Photobiology, 202 ABL, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 these enzymes is more controversial. On the basis of osmotic lysis of crude etiochloroplast preparations accompanied by differential centrifugation, Smith and Rebeiz (27) proposed that ...
Regulation of intermediary metabolism by protein acetylation
... Histone acetyltransferases (HATs): a group of enzymes that transfer an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to form e-N-acetyl lysine. Although first discovered as enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine residues on histones and thus so-named, recent recommendations suggest renaming them as lysine-acetyltra ...
... Histone acetyltransferases (HATs): a group of enzymes that transfer an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to form e-N-acetyl lysine. Although first discovered as enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine residues on histones and thus so-named, recent recommendations suggest renaming them as lysine-acetyltra ...
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
... spores in the food. While most bacteria cannot survive at a low pH, some proteins such as in soy and beef have protective agents that allow them to grow at pH < 4.5. Low water activity inhibits the growth of C. botulinum, which is why dehydrated foods and foods high in salt and/or sugar do not suppo ...
... spores in the food. While most bacteria cannot survive at a low pH, some proteins such as in soy and beef have protective agents that allow them to grow at pH < 4.5. Low water activity inhibits the growth of C. botulinum, which is why dehydrated foods and foods high in salt and/or sugar do not suppo ...
A Review of Issues of Dietary Protein Intake in Humans
... (26), however the rate of conversion of amino acid derived ammonia to urea is limited. Rudman et al. (27) found that the maximal rate of urea excretion (MRUE) in healthy individuals was 55 mg urea N ∙ h-1 ∙ kg-0.75, which is reached at an intake level of 0.53 g protein N/kg-0.75 At higher protein in ...
... (26), however the rate of conversion of amino acid derived ammonia to urea is limited. Rudman et al. (27) found that the maximal rate of urea excretion (MRUE) in healthy individuals was 55 mg urea N ∙ h-1 ∙ kg-0.75, which is reached at an intake level of 0.53 g protein N/kg-0.75 At higher protein in ...
Malonyl-CoA Signaling, Lipid Partitioning, and
... fatty acids may cause good/adaptive or evil/toxic actions on the -cell, depending on their concentrations and the time during which they are elevated. Chronic high glucose dramatically influences -cell lipid metabolism via substrate availability, changes in the activity and expression of enzymes o ...
... fatty acids may cause good/adaptive or evil/toxic actions on the -cell, depending on their concentrations and the time during which they are elevated. Chronic high glucose dramatically influences -cell lipid metabolism via substrate availability, changes in the activity and expression of enzymes o ...
Dr. Walaa AL - Jedda – 2016 Metabolism of Glycogen Glycogen: is
... is converted to glucose, for maintenance of blood glucose, particularly in between meals. 2-Muscle glycogen on the other hand, is to act as readily available source of intermediates of glycolysis for provision of energy within the muscle itself. Muscle glycogen cannot directly contribute to blood gl ...
... is converted to glucose, for maintenance of blood glucose, particularly in between meals. 2-Muscle glycogen on the other hand, is to act as readily available source of intermediates of glycolysis for provision of energy within the muscle itself. Muscle glycogen cannot directly contribute to blood gl ...
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.