Amino Acids [PDF:247KB]
... Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan - 2015 - (Seventh Revised Edition) Amino Acids The weights of amino acids listed in the current Composition Tables are shown as per 100 g of edible portion (Amino Acid Table 1) and per 1 g of reference nitrogen (Amino Acid Table 2), consistent with the Fo ...
... Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan - 2015 - (Seventh Revised Edition) Amino Acids The weights of amino acids listed in the current Composition Tables are shown as per 100 g of edible portion (Amino Acid Table 1) and per 1 g of reference nitrogen (Amino Acid Table 2), consistent with the Fo ...
No Slide Title
... • Collagenase acts as an anticoagulant because it digests fibrinogen. • It is inhibited by -1-antitrypsin and -2-macroglobulin. • Some diseases associated with over abundant collagenase secretion include rheumatoid arthritis and certain diseases of the eye like ulcerated corneas. ...
... • Collagenase acts as an anticoagulant because it digests fibrinogen. • It is inhibited by -1-antitrypsin and -2-macroglobulin. • Some diseases associated with over abundant collagenase secretion include rheumatoid arthritis and certain diseases of the eye like ulcerated corneas. ...
Module 3
... 64. Who synthesized uric acid artificially from glycine and urea in 1882: A. German scientist Veller B. German scientist Fisher C. Polish-Russian scientist Nenskiy D. Austrian physiologist Maresh E. * Ukrainian scientist I. Horbachevskiy 65. Why constant excessive consumption of meat and glandular t ...
... 64. Who synthesized uric acid artificially from glycine and urea in 1882: A. German scientist Veller B. German scientist Fisher C. Polish-Russian scientist Nenskiy D. Austrian physiologist Maresh E. * Ukrainian scientist I. Horbachevskiy 65. Why constant excessive consumption of meat and glandular t ...
New Functions for Parts of the Krebs Cycle in Procyclic
... when pyruvate is degraded by the Krebs cycle, this result confirms that the activity of a complete Krebs cycle is negligible in procyclic cells (7). The incubations performed with [U-14C]glycerol showed that, in the presence of both substrates, next to glucose, a considerable amount of glycerol was ...
... when pyruvate is degraded by the Krebs cycle, this result confirms that the activity of a complete Krebs cycle is negligible in procyclic cells (7). The incubations performed with [U-14C]glycerol showed that, in the presence of both substrates, next to glucose, a considerable amount of glycerol was ...
Dokumentation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus 271
... Consumption of live lactic acid bacteria (LAB), included in fermented foods, has been a regular part of the human food intake for a long time. In fact, there are archaeological signs that humankind has used this technique from the beginning of time; it was presumably invented 1.5 million years ago b ...
... Consumption of live lactic acid bacteria (LAB), included in fermented foods, has been a regular part of the human food intake for a long time. In fact, there are archaeological signs that humankind has used this technique from the beginning of time; it was presumably invented 1.5 million years ago b ...
Endocrinology of the Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus
... Mitochondrial metabolites formed in response to G and Ca amplify secretion. Influx of Ca inhibits voltage-sensitive Ca channels and activates Ca-sensitive and voltage-sensitive K channels, thereby allowing the cell membrane to repolarize and Ca channels to close. Ca is extruded by membrane CaATPase. ...
... Mitochondrial metabolites formed in response to G and Ca amplify secretion. Influx of Ca inhibits voltage-sensitive Ca channels and activates Ca-sensitive and voltage-sensitive K channels, thereby allowing the cell membrane to repolarize and Ca channels to close. Ca is extruded by membrane CaATPase. ...
Rectal drug delivery: A promising route for enhancing drug absorption
... content of the rectum, drug metabolism in micro organisms and rectal mucosa. To overcome these, various absorption enhancing adjuvants, surfactants, mixed micelle and cyclodextrins were studied. In this review various absorption enhancers, their effects along with the role of rectal route in deliver ...
... content of the rectum, drug metabolism in micro organisms and rectal mucosa. To overcome these, various absorption enhancing adjuvants, surfactants, mixed micelle and cyclodextrins were studied. In this review various absorption enhancers, their effects along with the role of rectal route in deliver ...
Metabolism and function of bile acids
... Fig. 4. The bile acid biosyntheticpathways.The classical pathway operates entirely in the liver. In other tissues, the entry of cholesterol into the alternate pathwaysis facilitatedby cholesterolhydroxylases.The oxysterols generated by these enzymes are 7e~-hydroxylatedby oxysterol hydroxylasesand t ...
... Fig. 4. The bile acid biosyntheticpathways.The classical pathway operates entirely in the liver. In other tissues, the entry of cholesterol into the alternate pathwaysis facilitatedby cholesterolhydroxylases.The oxysterols generated by these enzymes are 7e~-hydroxylatedby oxysterol hydroxylasesand t ...
The blood sugar concentration or blood glucose
... 1.2.2.6 Blood glucose concentration: It is the amount of glucose present in the blood of a human or animal. The body naturally tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis. Glucose is a primary source of energy for the body's cells, and blood lipids, which are primarily ...
... 1.2.2.6 Blood glucose concentration: It is the amount of glucose present in the blood of a human or animal. The body naturally tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis. Glucose is a primary source of energy for the body's cells, and blood lipids, which are primarily ...
Chapter 5 Endocrine Regulation of Glucose - Rose
... Since, except in liver and kidney, cells lack the ability to remove the phosphate, the hexokinase reaction is essentially a signal that the cell intends to retain the glucose molecule. Although the phosphorylation step is often referred to as the first step in glycolysis, glucose-6-phosphate is not ...
... Since, except in liver and kidney, cells lack the ability to remove the phosphate, the hexokinase reaction is essentially a signal that the cell intends to retain the glucose molecule. Although the phosphorylation step is often referred to as the first step in glycolysis, glucose-6-phosphate is not ...
Glucose metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi
... ylation sites 2 and 3 are operative; the presence of a NADH oxidase linked to phosphorylation (complex I) has been long debated. Recently, Carranza et al. [28] have compared oxygen consumption and respiratory control ratios in the presence of NADH‑linked substrates or succinate in wild‑type T. cruzi ...
... ylation sites 2 and 3 are operative; the presence of a NADH oxidase linked to phosphorylation (complex I) has been long debated. Recently, Carranza et al. [28] have compared oxygen consumption and respiratory control ratios in the presence of NADH‑linked substrates or succinate in wild‑type T. cruzi ...
Phylogenomic Investigation of Phospholipid Synthesis in Archaea
... eukaryotic and the bacterial sequences, suggesting that these sequences could be ancestral versions that would have been lost in the rest of archaea [31]. If this is the case, a eukaryoticlike pathway (except for the IDI function, which remains ambiguous) can be proposed to have existed in the cenan ...
... eukaryotic and the bacterial sequences, suggesting that these sequences could be ancestral versions that would have been lost in the rest of archaea [31]. If this is the case, a eukaryoticlike pathway (except for the IDI function, which remains ambiguous) can be proposed to have existed in the cenan ...
Intestinal peptidases form functional complexes with the neutral
... intestine [14], is a zinc metalloprotease that homodimerizes in vivo and hydrolyses N-terminal amino acids at the brush-border membrane, except when a proline lies adjacent to the N-terminal amino acid [3]. The active site of APN defines its specificity for N-terminal amino acid residues. All aminop ...
... intestine [14], is a zinc metalloprotease that homodimerizes in vivo and hydrolyses N-terminal amino acids at the brush-border membrane, except when a proline lies adjacent to the N-terminal amino acid [3]. The active site of APN defines its specificity for N-terminal amino acid residues. All aminop ...
Attachment 1 - Food Standards Australia New Zealand
... potential costs and benefits of the proposed change to the Code from stakeholders is highly desirable. Claims made in submissions should be supported wherever possible by referencing or including relevant studies, research findings, trials, surveys etc. Technical information should be in sufficient ...
... potential costs and benefits of the proposed change to the Code from stakeholders is highly desirable. Claims made in submissions should be supported wherever possible by referencing or including relevant studies, research findings, trials, surveys etc. Technical information should be in sufficient ...
The Enzymes of Ammonia Assimilation and their
... The activities of GS, NADP-GOGAT and NADP-GDH in extracts of members of the ‘herbicola’, ‘carotovora’ and ‘amylovora’ clusters, grown with different sources of nitrogen, are shown in Table 1. NAD-GOGAT, NAD-GDH and corresponding amidotransferases and dehydrogenases (both NAD- and NADP-linked) able t ...
... The activities of GS, NADP-GOGAT and NADP-GDH in extracts of members of the ‘herbicola’, ‘carotovora’ and ‘amylovora’ clusters, grown with different sources of nitrogen, are shown in Table 1. NAD-GOGAT, NAD-GDH and corresponding amidotransferases and dehydrogenases (both NAD- and NADP-linked) able t ...
Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, Third Edition
... The food we eat has a major effect on our physical health and psychological wellbeing. An understanding of the way in which nutrients are metabolized, and hence of the principles of biochemistry, is essential for an understanding of the scientific basis of what we would call a prudent or healthy die ...
... The food we eat has a major effect on our physical health and psychological wellbeing. An understanding of the way in which nutrients are metabolized, and hence of the principles of biochemistry, is essential for an understanding of the scientific basis of what we would call a prudent or healthy die ...
SOX9 specifies the pyloric sphincter epithelium
... suggesting a role for SOX9 in some aspects of the GI and central nervous system (CNS) development. Dysmorphogenesis have been described in CD affected individuals in their GI tract, tracheopulmonary system, urinary tract and heart (Maroteaux et al., 1971; Houston et al., 1983). Reported GI tract ano ...
... suggesting a role for SOX9 in some aspects of the GI and central nervous system (CNS) development. Dysmorphogenesis have been described in CD affected individuals in their GI tract, tracheopulmonary system, urinary tract and heart (Maroteaux et al., 1971; Houston et al., 1983). Reported GI tract ano ...
Protease Inhibitors - laboratornichemikalie.cz
... serine, cystein, and aspartic proteases. In all eukaryotic cells and bacteria a large number of proteases are located in various compartments, the cytosol, mitochondria, vacuoles, lysosomes, ER, or in the extracellular space. Intracellular proteases are essential regulators in the synthesis, activat ...
... serine, cystein, and aspartic proteases. In all eukaryotic cells and bacteria a large number of proteases are located in various compartments, the cytosol, mitochondria, vacuoles, lysosomes, ER, or in the extracellular space. Intracellular proteases are essential regulators in the synthesis, activat ...
Total antioxidant activity, phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid
... from vegetables and fruits is beneficial in preventing these diseases (Sumazian et al, 2010; Faujam et al, 2009; Magdalena et al, 2009). Owing to the relationship between free radical scavenging capacity of vegetables and fruits, many analytical methodologies have been published for the determinatio ...
... from vegetables and fruits is beneficial in preventing these diseases (Sumazian et al, 2010; Faujam et al, 2009; Magdalena et al, 2009). Owing to the relationship between free radical scavenging capacity of vegetables and fruits, many analytical methodologies have been published for the determinatio ...
Lysosomal Enzymes Are Released From Cultured Human
... the mainly intracellular staining of LAMP-1 (panel H), cathepsin D and LAL were widely present extracellularly in the intima. Next, we studied whether lysosomal hydrolases released from human monocyte-derived macrophages could modify LDL in vitro. As a model of stimulation-induced secretion of acid ...
... the mainly intracellular staining of LAMP-1 (panel H), cathepsin D and LAL were widely present extracellularly in the intima. Next, we studied whether lysosomal hydrolases released from human monocyte-derived macrophages could modify LDL in vitro. As a model of stimulation-induced secretion of acid ...
Omashikwa; butter milk By
... The quality of traditionally processed Omashikwa (TO) was compared with the laboratory processed Omashikwa (LO), which was made without the root. Traditional fermentation was carried out with raw milk and under rural conditions. After fermentation the milk was agitated vigorously to churn into butt ...
... The quality of traditionally processed Omashikwa (TO) was compared with the laboratory processed Omashikwa (LO), which was made without the root. Traditional fermentation was carried out with raw milk and under rural conditions. After fermentation the milk was agitated vigorously to churn into butt ...
Screening of Lactic Acid Bacteria Capable to Breakdown Citric Acid
... observed in lactic acid bacteria from samples other than cocoa. Our results suggest that LAB isolated from cocoa, do not use entirely pII metabolic pathway, turning preferentially to lactic acid production (Fig. 3). Previous study reported that a heterofermentative strain Lactobacillus fermentum, co ...
... observed in lactic acid bacteria from samples other than cocoa. Our results suggest that LAB isolated from cocoa, do not use entirely pII metabolic pathway, turning preferentially to lactic acid production (Fig. 3). Previous study reported that a heterofermentative strain Lactobacillus fermentum, co ...
Screening of Lactic Acid Bacteria Capable to Breakdown Citric Acid
... observed in lactic acid bacteria from samples other than cocoa. Our results suggest that LAB isolated from cocoa, do not use entirely pII metabolic pathway, turning preferentially to lactic acid production (Fig. 3). Previous study reported that a heterofermentative strain Lactobacillus fermentum, co ...
... observed in lactic acid bacteria from samples other than cocoa. Our results suggest that LAB isolated from cocoa, do not use entirely pII metabolic pathway, turning preferentially to lactic acid production (Fig. 3). Previous study reported that a heterofermentative strain Lactobacillus fermentum, co ...
Berleman, J. Analysis of inter-species interactions and
... Firmicutes, and the furanosyl borate diester (commonly called autoinducer 2, or AI-2) which is dependent on activity of the LuxS protein and present in many domains of bacteria. However, analysis of 818 currently available complete bacterial genomes indicates that only 322 (39%) of these genomes con ...
... Firmicutes, and the furanosyl borate diester (commonly called autoinducer 2, or AI-2) which is dependent on activity of the LuxS protein and present in many domains of bacteria. However, analysis of 818 currently available complete bacterial genomes indicates that only 322 (39%) of these genomes con ...
Principles of Metabolic Regulation
... Under resting conditions, [ATP] is high and [AMP] low because the total adenine nucleotide pool is constant. [Citrate] and [acetyl-CoA] are intermediate because O2 is not limiting and the citric acid cycle is functioning. Under conditions of active exertion (running), O2 becomes limiting and ATP syn ...
... Under resting conditions, [ATP] is high and [AMP] low because the total adenine nucleotide pool is constant. [Citrate] and [acetyl-CoA] are intermediate because O2 is not limiting and the citric acid cycle is functioning. Under conditions of active exertion (running), O2 becomes limiting and ATP syn ...
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.