The Presence and Function of Cytochromes in
... continuous cultures. They concluded that the formation of propionate was associated with the formation of additional ATP. The reactions which could be linked to ATP formation were discussed by Hobson & Summers (1972). In the present work we have shown membrane-bound, cytochrome blinked electron tran ...
... continuous cultures. They concluded that the formation of propionate was associated with the formation of additional ATP. The reactions which could be linked to ATP formation were discussed by Hobson & Summers (1972). In the present work we have shown membrane-bound, cytochrome blinked electron tran ...
a guide-book to biochemistry
... the first place, pass through its cell-wall. There is abundant evidence, much of which has been obtained by the use of isotopes, that the cell-wall and the cell-membrane bound up with it do not act merely as a passive barrier, like a collodion sac; many substances are actively transported into and o ...
... the first place, pass through its cell-wall. There is abundant evidence, much of which has been obtained by the use of isotopes, that the cell-wall and the cell-membrane bound up with it do not act merely as a passive barrier, like a collodion sac; many substances are actively transported into and o ...
Safety assessment - Federal Register of Legislation
... Monsanto Australia Limited is seeking approval in the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (the Code) for food derived from corn line 88017 (MON 88017), a variety that has been genetically modified (GM) for insect-protection and herbicide-tolerance. Standard 1.5.2 – Food Produced Using Gene Tec ...
... Monsanto Australia Limited is seeking approval in the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (the Code) for food derived from corn line 88017 (MON 88017), a variety that has been genetically modified (GM) for insect-protection and herbicide-tolerance. Standard 1.5.2 – Food Produced Using Gene Tec ...
The acrylamide problem: a plant and agronomic
... products, they have been difficult to apply to others, either being ineffective or having an unacceptably adverse effect on product quality. It is therefore important that the efforts being made by the food industry are augmented by a long-term programme of reduction in the acrylamideforming potenti ...
... products, they have been difficult to apply to others, either being ineffective or having an unacceptably adverse effect on product quality. It is therefore important that the efforts being made by the food industry are augmented by a long-term programme of reduction in the acrylamideforming potenti ...
glucose
... Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is held at the acPve site by a Schiff base linkage, formed by reacPon of the aldehyde of PLP with the ε-‐amino group of a lysine residue. In contrast to its role in ...
... Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is held at the acPve site by a Schiff base linkage, formed by reacPon of the aldehyde of PLP with the ε-‐amino group of a lysine residue. In contrast to its role in ...
05 Farm Animal Metabolism 05
... microvillus membranes; this unstirred water layer is thought to be the main barrier to lipid absorption (Brindley, 1984). Fatty acids and monoacylglycerols can enter the intestinal cells by simple diffusion into the lipid membrane, although the presence of transmembrane carrier proteins has been pos ...
... microvillus membranes; this unstirred water layer is thought to be the main barrier to lipid absorption (Brindley, 1984). Fatty acids and monoacylglycerols can enter the intestinal cells by simple diffusion into the lipid membrane, although the presence of transmembrane carrier proteins has been pos ...
Gluconeogenesis: Objectives
... 11. How and where are (a) lactate and (b) alanine (produced by active skeletal muscle) converted to glucose? a. Lactate (from muscles) and alanine are converted in the liver. b. Lactate is converted to Pyruvate…eventually, make new glucose. c. Alanine is converted to Pyruvate…eventually make new glu ...
... 11. How and where are (a) lactate and (b) alanine (produced by active skeletal muscle) converted to glucose? a. Lactate (from muscles) and alanine are converted in the liver. b. Lactate is converted to Pyruvate…eventually, make new glucose. c. Alanine is converted to Pyruvate…eventually make new glu ...
Supplementary Information (doc 464K)
... Grape Kool-Aid (Northfield, IL, USA) diluted according to manufacturer’s instructions, during the 1 hour fluid access period in place of water followed immediately by the test substance on day 1 and 3. On day 5 Kool-Aid fluid intake was measured but animals were not subject to treatment with the tes ...
... Grape Kool-Aid (Northfield, IL, USA) diluted according to manufacturer’s instructions, during the 1 hour fluid access period in place of water followed immediately by the test substance on day 1 and 3. On day 5 Kool-Aid fluid intake was measured but animals were not subject to treatment with the tes ...
bacteriocins - Podcast Producer
... Pediocin-like bacteriocins have a narrow spectrum of activity but display a high specific activity against the food pathogen Listeria monocytogenes33,34. These bacteriocins range from 37 (leucocin A and mesentericin Y105 REFS 35,36 to 48 residues (carnobacteriocin B2; REF. 37) and possess one or t ...
... Pediocin-like bacteriocins have a narrow spectrum of activity but display a high specific activity against the food pathogen Listeria monocytogenes33,34. These bacteriocins range from 37 (leucocin A and mesentericin Y105 REFS 35,36 to 48 residues (carnobacteriocin B2; REF. 37) and possess one or t ...
Document
... glucose into 2 molecules of 3 carbon lactate 乳酸and two molecules each of and ATP • Occurs in cytoplasm • glycolysis has two stages: glycolytic pathway (Glucose to pyruvate); Fermentation（发酵）phase (pyruvate to lactate) ...
... glucose into 2 molecules of 3 carbon lactate 乳酸and two molecules each of and ATP • Occurs in cytoplasm • glycolysis has two stages: glycolytic pathway (Glucose to pyruvate); Fermentation（发酵）phase (pyruvate to lactate) ...
Endocrine Pancreas
... Theoretically, there are several ways in which proinsulin may be secreted from the β-cell, but none of them involves the regulated secretory pathway. The clathrin-coated microvesicles that bud from the maturing secretory vesicle contain a small fraction of the synthesized proinsulin. Some of these v ...
... Theoretically, there are several ways in which proinsulin may be secreted from the β-cell, but none of them involves the regulated secretory pathway. The clathrin-coated microvesicles that bud from the maturing secretory vesicle contain a small fraction of the synthesized proinsulin. Some of these v ...
amino acid, peptides, proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids
... the analysis of amino acids. One of these is paper chromatography, wherein amino acids are separated as the consequence of differences in their partition coefficients between water and an organic solvent. The aqueous phase is held stationary in the pores of the paper because of strong interaction of ...
... the analysis of amino acids. One of these is paper chromatography, wherein amino acids are separated as the consequence of differences in their partition coefficients between water and an organic solvent. The aqueous phase is held stationary in the pores of the paper because of strong interaction of ...
Unit: Carbohydrates (Glucose)
... Any condition in which the plasma glucose concentration falls below the lower limits of normal by greater than 2 standard deviations (below 60 mg/dL) is called hypoglycemia. Since the brain is dependent upon an adequate supply of glucose for its energy, the clinical symptoms of hypoglycemia resemble ...
... Any condition in which the plasma glucose concentration falls below the lower limits of normal by greater than 2 standard deviations (below 60 mg/dL) is called hypoglycemia. Since the brain is dependent upon an adequate supply of glucose for its energy, the clinical symptoms of hypoglycemia resemble ...
檔案下載
... can form an intramolecular hemiketal by reacting with either the C-6 hydroxyl group to form a six-membered cyclic hemiketal or the C-5 hydroxyl group to form ...
... can form an intramolecular hemiketal by reacting with either the C-6 hydroxyl group to form a six-membered cyclic hemiketal or the C-5 hydroxyl group to form ...
Divergent evolution of the thiolase superfamily and chalcone
... whereas 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) of fatty acid elongase system converts C18 fatty acids to C20 and C22 fatty acids in the biosyntheses of wax and seed storage lipids in plants (Blacklock and Jaworski, 2006). Chalcone synthase (CHS, E.C. 2.3.1.74) and related enzymes of the CHS family also catal ...
... whereas 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) of fatty acid elongase system converts C18 fatty acids to C20 and C22 fatty acids in the biosyntheses of wax and seed storage lipids in plants (Blacklock and Jaworski, 2006). Chalcone synthase (CHS, E.C. 2.3.1.74) and related enzymes of the CHS family also catal ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism in Rhizobium trifolii
... medium, Carbon sources were either filter-sterilized (growth rate experiments) or autoclaved separately (other experiments) and were added to a final concentration of 0.4 % (w/v). Complex medium was glucose/ salts/yeast extract/casein acid hydrolysate medium (GSYC ; Schwinghamer, 1960). RDM was soli ...
... medium, Carbon sources were either filter-sterilized (growth rate experiments) or autoclaved separately (other experiments) and were added to a final concentration of 0.4 % (w/v). Complex medium was glucose/ salts/yeast extract/casein acid hydrolysate medium (GSYC ; Schwinghamer, 1960). RDM was soli ...
Influence of free linoleic acid on the fatty acids profile of fermentation
... double bonds which may be of cis or trans configuration and may be located at positions 6, 8 up to 12, 14, most commonly found at carbons 9 and 11 or 10 and 12 [1]. It is believed that cis-9, trans-11 (CLA1) and trans-10, cis-12 (CLA2) isomers of CLA are the most active forms. An increasing interest ...
... double bonds which may be of cis or trans configuration and may be located at positions 6, 8 up to 12, 14, most commonly found at carbons 9 and 11 or 10 and 12 [1]. It is believed that cis-9, trans-11 (CLA1) and trans-10, cis-12 (CLA2) isomers of CLA are the most active forms. An increasing interest ...
Glucose
... Although normal values vary with specific procedure, fasting serum/plasma glucose is usually in the range of 80-120 mg/dL. CSF values are approximately 2/3 of the current serum/plasma level. The various disorders in carbohydrate metabolism may be grouped into several categories dependent primarily u ...
... Although normal values vary with specific procedure, fasting serum/plasma glucose is usually in the range of 80-120 mg/dL. CSF values are approximately 2/3 of the current serum/plasma level. The various disorders in carbohydrate metabolism may be grouped into several categories dependent primarily u ...
Natural Occurrence and Industrial Applications of d
... be mainly involved in the production of d-amino acids in biological systems [9] [10]. An alternative route for d-amino acid production in bacteria would be transamination by d-amino acid transaminases, which allows the conversion of one d-amino acid into another different one [11]. An in-depth expla ...
... be mainly involved in the production of d-amino acids in biological systems [9] [10]. An alternative route for d-amino acid production in bacteria would be transamination by d-amino acid transaminases, which allows the conversion of one d-amino acid into another different one [11]. An in-depth expla ...
UNIT-II - E
... The process is catalysed by a palladium metal catalyst supported on a heteropoly acid such as tungstosilicic acid. It is thought to be competitive with methanol carbonylation for smaller plants (100–250 kt/a), depending on the local price of ethylene. Oxidative fermentation For most of human history ...
... The process is catalysed by a palladium metal catalyst supported on a heteropoly acid such as tungstosilicic acid. It is thought to be competitive with methanol carbonylation for smaller plants (100–250 kt/a), depending on the local price of ethylene. Oxidative fermentation For most of human history ...
Enzyme - MACscience
... Enzymes are not consumed during the biological reaction. The compound on which an enzyme acts is the substrate. Enzymes can break a single structure into smaller components or join two or more substrate molecules together. Most enzymes are proteins. Many fruits contain enzymes that are used in comme ...
... Enzymes are not consumed during the biological reaction. The compound on which an enzyme acts is the substrate. Enzymes can break a single structure into smaller components or join two or more substrate molecules together. Most enzymes are proteins. Many fruits contain enzymes that are used in comme ...
Міністерство охорони здоров`я України Харківський
... lipids) are considered. Modern conceptions of molecular biology and genetics, biochemical bases of physiological functions and neurohumoral regulation are elucidated. Biochemistry of blood, kidney, muscle, liver, immune, nervous, connective tissue is presented. Molecular mechanisms of metabolic diso ...
... lipids) are considered. Modern conceptions of molecular biology and genetics, biochemical bases of physiological functions and neurohumoral regulation are elucidated. Biochemistry of blood, kidney, muscle, liver, immune, nervous, connective tissue is presented. Molecular mechanisms of metabolic diso ...
Cholesterol
... Bile (gall) - fluid produced by the liver of most vertebrates • Composed of water, bile salts, mucus and pigments, fats, inorganic salts and cholesterol • Main functions: • Essential in the process of digestion of lipids from the small intestine • For protection of small intestines from oxidative da ...
... Bile (gall) - fluid produced by the liver of most vertebrates • Composed of water, bile salts, mucus and pigments, fats, inorganic salts and cholesterol • Main functions: • Essential in the process of digestion of lipids from the small intestine • For protection of small intestines from oxidative da ...
Glucose utilization by Streptomyces griseus
... Isolation of phosphorylated intermediates. Attempts to trap triosephosphates as the phenylhydrazine derivative of methylglyoxal, on similar lines to the work of Scevola & Valcurone (1952),proved unsuccessful, although traces of pyruvate were noted. Consequently an attempt was made to obtain phosphat ...
... Isolation of phosphorylated intermediates. Attempts to trap triosephosphates as the phenylhydrazine derivative of methylglyoxal, on similar lines to the work of Scevola & Valcurone (1952),proved unsuccessful, although traces of pyruvate were noted. Consequently an attempt was made to obtain phosphat ...
Carbohydrates Metabolism OVERVIEW Carbohydrates (saccharides
... products of digestion. However, different sugars have different mechanisms of absorption. For example, galactose and glucose are transported into the mucosal cells by an active, energy-dependent process that requires a concurrent uptake of sodium ions, and the transport protein is the sodiumdependen ...
... products of digestion. However, different sugars have different mechanisms of absorption. For example, galactose and glucose are transported into the mucosal cells by an active, energy-dependent process that requires a concurrent uptake of sodium ions, and the transport protein is the sodiumdependen ...
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.