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... • Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs cycle • Occurs in mitochondrial matrix • Is the biochemical hub of the cell, oxidizing carbon fuels, usually in the form of acetyl CoA, interconversion of carbohydrates, lipids, and some amino acids, as well as serving as a source of precursors for biosynthesis • For the ...
... • Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs cycle • Occurs in mitochondrial matrix • Is the biochemical hub of the cell, oxidizing carbon fuels, usually in the form of acetyl CoA, interconversion of carbohydrates, lipids, and some amino acids, as well as serving as a source of precursors for biosynthesis • For the ...
No Slide Title
... (VLDL). The arrow points to a vesicle that is releasing its content of VLDL particles. ...
... (VLDL). The arrow points to a vesicle that is releasing its content of VLDL particles. ...
... iii) The energetic cost to insert the polar mainchain atoms into the bilayer is unfavorable, (by +1 kcal/mol). Therefore the sidechain must be large enough such that the transfer energy exceeds this. Anything larger than Ala will do. 9. (6 pts) Please do one of the following choices. Choice A: Brief ...
18. Metabolism of lipids 1
... • contain 85 % of TGs (it is the main transport form of dietary TGs). • apoprotein B-48 (apo B-48) is the main protein component • deliver TGs from the intestine (via lymph and blood) to tissues (muscle for energy, adipose for storage). • bind to membrane-bound lipoprotein lipase (at adipose tissue ...
... • contain 85 % of TGs (it is the main transport form of dietary TGs). • apoprotein B-48 (apo B-48) is the main protein component • deliver TGs from the intestine (via lymph and blood) to tissues (muscle for energy, adipose for storage). • bind to membrane-bound lipoprotein lipase (at adipose tissue ...
Isoprenoid metabolism: cholesterol and the others
... The next step is both important and somewhat unusual. It is the rate limiting step of the whole pathway and as such it determines how much cholesterol (and other isoprenoids) we can make per unit time. hmg-CoA is reduced by the enzyme hmg-CoA reductase to mevalonate. The unusual thing about this ste ...
... The next step is both important and somewhat unusual. It is the rate limiting step of the whole pathway and as such it determines how much cholesterol (and other isoprenoids) we can make per unit time. hmg-CoA is reduced by the enzyme hmg-CoA reductase to mevalonate. The unusual thing about this ste ...
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Thiobacillus
... feature of obligate autotrophy. Indeed, the fact that this enzyme is present in Thiobacillus-A2 when grown heterotrophically suggests that it is repressed under autotrophic growth conditions. As already suggested by Smith et al. (1967), such a repression might be expected, because in autotrophic org ...
... feature of obligate autotrophy. Indeed, the fact that this enzyme is present in Thiobacillus-A2 when grown heterotrophically suggests that it is repressed under autotrophic growth conditions. As already suggested by Smith et al. (1967), such a repression might be expected, because in autotrophic org ...
Lecture_11
... in glycogen, and 170 kJ (40 kcal) in glucose. Triacylglycerols constitute about 11 kg of his total body weight. If this amount of energy were stored in glycogen, his total body weight would be 64 kg greater. ...
... in glycogen, and 170 kJ (40 kcal) in glucose. Triacylglycerols constitute about 11 kg of his total body weight. If this amount of energy were stored in glycogen, his total body weight would be 64 kg greater. ...
Electrone transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
... (glycogen) origin. During mastication, salivary α-amylase acts briefly on dietary starch and glycogen, -4) bonds. Because branched amylopectin and glycogen also contain α(1-6) bonds, which α-amylase cannot hydrolyze, the digest resulting from its action contains a mixture of short, branched and unbr ...
... (glycogen) origin. During mastication, salivary α-amylase acts briefly on dietary starch and glycogen, -4) bonds. Because branched amylopectin and glycogen also contain α(1-6) bonds, which α-amylase cannot hydrolyze, the digest resulting from its action contains a mixture of short, branched and unbr ...
Part 1 - OoCities
... rate of solution due to a significantly higher solubility (see Figure 2). Therefore, the ratelimiting step of the absorption of amoxicillin in the GI tract is its dissolution, while the ratelimiting step for clavulanic acid in its absorption into plasma membrane. It is also known that, in part, the ...
... rate of solution due to a significantly higher solubility (see Figure 2). Therefore, the ratelimiting step of the absorption of amoxicillin in the GI tract is its dissolution, while the ratelimiting step for clavulanic acid in its absorption into plasma membrane. It is also known that, in part, the ...
Inducible uptake and metabolism of glucose by the phosphorylative
... the other strains, CSV86 does not have the ability to metabolize gluconate and 2-ketogluconate. These observations were supported by measurements of enzyme activities and analysis of the products formed during metabolism of glucose. Specific activities for various enzymes involved in glucose metabol ...
... the other strains, CSV86 does not have the ability to metabolize gluconate and 2-ketogluconate. These observations were supported by measurements of enzyme activities and analysis of the products formed during metabolism of glucose. Specific activities for various enzymes involved in glucose metabol ...
Science Course Outline Template
... biosynthetic purposes to maintain low entropy, i.e. highly ordered system. ATP will be used as a typical example to illustrate energy relationships applicable to biochemical reactions in general. The term ‘metabolism’ encompasses all the chemical processes which occur within living organisms. ‘Anabo ...
... biosynthetic purposes to maintain low entropy, i.e. highly ordered system. ATP will be used as a typical example to illustrate energy relationships applicable to biochemical reactions in general. The term ‘metabolism’ encompasses all the chemical processes which occur within living organisms. ‘Anabo ...
A Guide to the Analysis and Purification of Proteins and
... protein therapeutic products and to analyze these for product identity and impurities. Reversed-phase HPLC plays a vital role in the separation of peptides from digested proteomes prior to protein identification by mass spectrometry. It is also used to purify many proteins and peptides during invest ...
... protein therapeutic products and to analyze these for product identity and impurities. Reversed-phase HPLC plays a vital role in the separation of peptides from digested proteomes prior to protein identification by mass spectrometry. It is also used to purify many proteins and peptides during invest ...
L26_Adv06
... 21. At which step is 14C lost from U14C-glucose? A Glucose --> G6P B G6P ---> F6P all C are retained C F6P ---> F16BP D F16PB ---> DHAP + glyceraldehyde 3P E None of the above 22. At which step is 3H lost from the C2 on glucose? A Glucose --> G6P B G6P ---> F6P exchange with H+ from medium C F6P -- ...
... 21. At which step is 14C lost from U14C-glucose? A Glucose --> G6P B G6P ---> F6P all C are retained C F6P ---> F16BP D F16PB ---> DHAP + glyceraldehyde 3P E None of the above 22. At which step is 3H lost from the C2 on glucose? A Glucose --> G6P B G6P ---> F6P exchange with H+ from medium C F6P -- ...
Medical faculty 2- d course Module 4 General principles of metabolism
... 46. A deficiency in thiamin causes the disease beriberi. Which might you expect to have a higher than normal blood concentration in an individual with this condition? A. Isocitrate B. Pyruvate C. Oxaloacetate D. Acetyl CoA E. Malate ANSWER: B 47. Compounds like succinate, fumarate and а-ketoglutarat ...
... 46. A deficiency in thiamin causes the disease beriberi. Which might you expect to have a higher than normal blood concentration in an individual with this condition? A. Isocitrate B. Pyruvate C. Oxaloacetate D. Acetyl CoA E. Malate ANSWER: B 47. Compounds like succinate, fumarate and а-ketoglutarat ...
Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
... proteins or if in FAD or FMN form2 ● If bond to histidine or cysteine cannot be converted2 ...
... proteins or if in FAD or FMN form2 ● If bond to histidine or cysteine cannot be converted2 ...
Energy Substrate Metabolism in - Journal of Clinical Investigation
... the marked inhibition of oleate oxidation at 200 mOsm, also prevented the rise in the rate of lecithin-14C synthesis. Thus, exogenous (-) -carnitine, but not ATP or CoA, possessed the capacity to maintain the metabolic functions of the platelet with respect to long-chain fatty acid oxidation and inc ...
... the marked inhibition of oleate oxidation at 200 mOsm, also prevented the rise in the rate of lecithin-14C synthesis. Thus, exogenous (-) -carnitine, but not ATP or CoA, possessed the capacity to maintain the metabolic functions of the platelet with respect to long-chain fatty acid oxidation and inc ...
Fermentation for Liquid-type Yogurt with Lactobacillus casei 911LC
... Acidification of milk by fermentation is one of the oldest methods of preserving milk and imparting to it special favorable organoleptic qualities. There are many different methods of carrying out this fermentation in various parts of the world and these give rise to a range of fermented milk produc ...
... Acidification of milk by fermentation is one of the oldest methods of preserving milk and imparting to it special favorable organoleptic qualities. There are many different methods of carrying out this fermentation in various parts of the world and these give rise to a range of fermented milk produc ...
The final publication is available at Copyright - RiuNet
... lower than in infusions (average values considering all treatments: 0.56, 0.43, 0.11 and 0.97 mg/g, ...
... lower than in infusions (average values considering all treatments: 0.56, 0.43, 0.11 and 0.97 mg/g, ...
Fatty acid oxidation and the P-oxidation complex in
... position of lipids was detected by spraying with 2,7-dichlorofluorescein. Relative positions of lipids were the same as when separated by argentation (AgN03)-TLC using standard TLC plates, with 16 :0 methyl ester running nearest to the solvent first and 18:2 and 18:3 esters remaining near the origin ...
... position of lipids was detected by spraying with 2,7-dichlorofluorescein. Relative positions of lipids were the same as when separated by argentation (AgN03)-TLC using standard TLC plates, with 16 :0 methyl ester running nearest to the solvent first and 18:2 and 18:3 esters remaining near the origin ...
7. Making and storing fat and retrieving it to supply energy
... molecule must be made longer. 7.3.1 Carbohydrates can be converted into fatty acids Here is what we have learned before: carbohydrates get broken to three C compounds in the cytoplasm and then to two C, acetyl CoA, in the mitochondria. In the mitochondria acetyl CoA gets broken down to CO2 with the ...
... molecule must be made longer. 7.3.1 Carbohydrates can be converted into fatty acids Here is what we have learned before: carbohydrates get broken to three C compounds in the cytoplasm and then to two C, acetyl CoA, in the mitochondria. In the mitochondria acetyl CoA gets broken down to CO2 with the ...
The importance of gluconeogenesis as an important
... Three glycolytic reactions are irreversible & must be reversed (by 4 alternate reactions) in gluconeogenesis. These reactions are: ...
... Three glycolytic reactions are irreversible & must be reversed (by 4 alternate reactions) in gluconeogenesis. These reactions are: ...
3. BIOMOLECULES I. CARBOHYDRATES
... 14. 14. BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY ............................................. 99 1. 14. 1. The application of the fermentation in the food industry .......................................... 99 2. 14. 2. The biochemical processes of cereals germination ............................. ...
... 14. 14. BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY ............................................. 99 1. 14. 1. The application of the fermentation in the food industry .......................................... 99 2. 14. 2. The biochemical processes of cereals germination ............................. ...
Physiology Ch 78 p939-954 [4-25
... -Insulin Promotes Muscle Glucose Uptake and Metabolism – throughout day, muscle depends on fatty acids for energy and not glucose, because normal resting muscle membrane is only slightly permeable to glucose, except when stimulated by insulin -during exercise, muscles become more permeable to glucos ...
... -Insulin Promotes Muscle Glucose Uptake and Metabolism – throughout day, muscle depends on fatty acids for energy and not glucose, because normal resting muscle membrane is only slightly permeable to glucose, except when stimulated by insulin -during exercise, muscles become more permeable to glucos ...
Identification of Bioactive Peptide Sequences from Amaranth
... is limited information about the bioactivity of peptides from amaranth proteins. The objective of this comprehensive review was to determine bioactive peptide sequences in amaranth proteins that may prevent cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. Amaranth proteins, reported in UniProt database ...
... is limited information about the bioactivity of peptides from amaranth proteins. The objective of this comprehensive review was to determine bioactive peptide sequences in amaranth proteins that may prevent cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. Amaranth proteins, reported in UniProt database ...
Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production
... Catabolic reactions are organized as • Stage 1: Digestion and hydrolysis break down large molecules to smaller ones that enter the bloodstream. • Stage 2: Degradation break down molecules to two- and three-carbon compounds. • Stage 3: Oxidation of small molecules in the citric acid cycle and electro ...
... Catabolic reactions are organized as • Stage 1: Digestion and hydrolysis break down large molecules to smaller ones that enter the bloodstream. • Stage 2: Degradation break down molecules to two- and three-carbon compounds. • Stage 3: Oxidation of small molecules in the citric acid cycle and electro ...
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.