C. jejuni
... ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC-transporter) are members of a protein superfamily that is one of the largest and most ancient families with representatives in all extant phyla from prokaryotes to humans. ABC transporters are transmembrane proteins that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis to ...
... ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC-transporter) are members of a protein superfamily that is one of the largest and most ancient families with representatives in all extant phyla from prokaryotes to humans. ABC transporters are transmembrane proteins that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis to ...
Viva Voce : Orals in Biochemistry
... Ans. The important color reaction of cholesterol is LIEBERMANN BURCHARD REACTION. The chloroform solution of cholesterol is treated with acetic anhydride and sulphuric acid which gives a red color and this color quickly changes from blue to green. This reaction is the basis of quantitative estimatio ...
... Ans. The important color reaction of cholesterol is LIEBERMANN BURCHARD REACTION. The chloroform solution of cholesterol is treated with acetic anhydride and sulphuric acid which gives a red color and this color quickly changes from blue to green. This reaction is the basis of quantitative estimatio ...
Specific features of glycogen metabolism in the liver
... the ‘ muscle ’, ‘ brain ’ and ‘ liver ’ isoenzymes according to the tissue in which they are preferentially expressed (reviewed in [33,34]). They are homodimers of subunits of E 100 kDa and are encoded by different genes. All isoenzymes are converted from the inactive b-form into the active a form t ...
... the ‘ muscle ’, ‘ brain ’ and ‘ liver ’ isoenzymes according to the tissue in which they are preferentially expressed (reviewed in [33,34]). They are homodimers of subunits of E 100 kDa and are encoded by different genes. All isoenzymes are converted from the inactive b-form into the active a form t ...
Hormonal Control of Glucose Metabolism
... be divided into three periods of approximately 4 hours, corresponding to the absorption and assimilation of the principal meals and to a postabsorptive period corresponding to the 12-hour overnight fast. During these periods, systemic glucose homeostasis is profoundly modified, as described in a rec ...
... be divided into three periods of approximately 4 hours, corresponding to the absorption and assimilation of the principal meals and to a postabsorptive period corresponding to the 12-hour overnight fast. During these periods, systemic glucose homeostasis is profoundly modified, as described in a rec ...
Liver glucose metabolism in humans
... synthesis, ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis and precursors for glycosylation reactions. Carbohydrates derived from intestinal absorption are initially handled by hepatocytes whereas dietary fatty acids form triacylglycerols inside the enterocytes and reach the lymph stream assembled as ch ...
... synthesis, ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis and precursors for glycosylation reactions. Carbohydrates derived from intestinal absorption are initially handled by hepatocytes whereas dietary fatty acids form triacylglycerols inside the enterocytes and reach the lymph stream assembled as ch ...
accelerated glucose discoloration method
... of the salts and waste products over the membrane, and the removal, or in some cases addition of water, so called ultrafiltration, can be controlled by the pressure difference over the membrane. Peritoneal dialysis is a method, which removes wastes and water from the blood, inside the body using the ...
... of the salts and waste products over the membrane, and the removal, or in some cases addition of water, so called ultrafiltration, can be controlled by the pressure difference over the membrane. Peritoneal dialysis is a method, which removes wastes and water from the blood, inside the body using the ...
Acetate formation in the photoheterotrophic bacterium Chloroflexus
... Hepes-KOH pH 7.5 containing 5 mM MgCl2, 500 mM (NH4)2SO4 and 10% (v/v) glycerol. Protein was desorbed by linear gradient to 200 mM (NH4)2SO4. Fractions containing the highest ACD activity eluting at 280–230 mM (NH4)2SO4 were pooled, diluted 50-fold in buffer A (50 mM Hepes-KOH, pH 8.0, containing 5 ...
... Hepes-KOH pH 7.5 containing 5 mM MgCl2, 500 mM (NH4)2SO4 and 10% (v/v) glycerol. Protein was desorbed by linear gradient to 200 mM (NH4)2SO4. Fractions containing the highest ACD activity eluting at 280–230 mM (NH4)2SO4 were pooled, diluted 50-fold in buffer A (50 mM Hepes-KOH, pH 8.0, containing 5 ...
Bile acids activate ryanodine receptors in pancreatic acinar cells via
... release and prolonged elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]i) in the acinar cell [4]. Impaired Ca2+ signaling is considered to be the critical molecular step of acute pancreatitis because it causes premature intraacinar protease activation and acinar cell damage that provokes th ...
... release and prolonged elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]i) in the acinar cell [4]. Impaired Ca2+ signaling is considered to be the critical molecular step of acute pancreatitis because it causes premature intraacinar protease activation and acinar cell damage that provokes th ...
Food Biochemistry and Food Processing (2
... For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal ...
... For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal ...
Liver glucose metabolism in humans
... During the post-prandial period, most glucose 6-phosphate is used to synthesize glycogen via the formation of glucose 1-phosphate and UDP-glucose. Minor amounts of UDP-glucose are used to form UDP-glucuronate and UDP-galactose, which are donors of monosaccharide units used in glycosylation. A second ...
... During the post-prandial period, most glucose 6-phosphate is used to synthesize glycogen via the formation of glucose 1-phosphate and UDP-glucose. Minor amounts of UDP-glucose are used to form UDP-glucuronate and UDP-galactose, which are donors of monosaccharide units used in glycosylation. A second ...
Malic acid production by Aspergillus oryzae
... concerning yields, rates and titers. This strain can then be used in a biorefinery, which is in analogy to the petroleum refinery producing fuels, power and chemicals, just that the ...
... concerning yields, rates and titers. This strain can then be used in a biorefinery, which is in analogy to the petroleum refinery producing fuels, power and chemicals, just that the ...
glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway
... colytic enzymes of many species have long since been of glucose metabolism continues in Chapter 15, where purified and thoroughly studied. we describe the opposing anabolic and catabolic pathGlycolysis is an almost universal central pathway of ways that connect glucose and glycogen, and use the gluc ...
... colytic enzymes of many species have long since been of glucose metabolism continues in Chapter 15, where purified and thoroughly studied. we describe the opposing anabolic and catabolic pathGlycolysis is an almost universal central pathway of ways that connect glucose and glycogen, and use the gluc ...
Fast evolutionary rates associated with functional loss in class I
... Gene duplications were reported in glucose transporters from Homo sapiens and Saccharomyces cerevisiae [18, 19]. After gene duplication, relaxation of selective constraints on duplicated genes has been observed, resulting in copies that evolve faster than their original orthologs [20, 21]. To test v ...
... Gene duplications were reported in glucose transporters from Homo sapiens and Saccharomyces cerevisiae [18, 19]. After gene duplication, relaxation of selective constraints on duplicated genes has been observed, resulting in copies that evolve faster than their original orthologs [20, 21]. To test v ...
Biodegradation of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid by a Newly
... ing of the strains for the ability to degrade cyanuric acid, because, cyanuric acid is a key intermediate in the metabolic pathway for melamine, it is nephrotoxic, and the cleavage of its ring is the rate-limiting step in the degradation process. The microorganisms present in soil were collected fro ...
... ing of the strains for the ability to degrade cyanuric acid, because, cyanuric acid is a key intermediate in the metabolic pathway for melamine, it is nephrotoxic, and the cleavage of its ring is the rate-limiting step in the degradation process. The microorganisms present in soil were collected fro ...
Characteristics of Whey Flavor - Innovation Center for US Dairy
... is an important consideration for whey protein ingredients as it is a sensory property of whey proteins, especially in acid conditions. Similar to the issues with off-flavor of whey protein ingredients, astringency of whey protein beverages has been noted as a barrier to mainstream acceptance of hig ...
... is an important consideration for whey protein ingredients as it is a sensory property of whey proteins, especially in acid conditions. Similar to the issues with off-flavor of whey protein ingredients, astringency of whey protein beverages has been noted as a barrier to mainstream acceptance of hig ...
Citrate metabolism in lactic acid bacteria
... Shifts in product formation from lactose, glucose and pyruvate upon aeration, changing of the pH or cultivation under carbohydrate limitation are generally observed in different homofermentative lactic acid bacteria [50-53]. The complex mechanisms that are involved in regulation of pyruvate metaboli ...
... Shifts in product formation from lactose, glucose and pyruvate upon aeration, changing of the pH or cultivation under carbohydrate limitation are generally observed in different homofermentative lactic acid bacteria [50-53]. The complex mechanisms that are involved in regulation of pyruvate metaboli ...
Bilirubin
... Certain drugs as sulfonamides and salicylates compete with bilirubin for albumin binding and displace bilirubin to enter into the brain in neonates and increase the risk of kernicterus (a type of brain damage that can result from high levels of bilirubin in a baby’s blood. It can cause athetoid cere ...
... Certain drugs as sulfonamides and salicylates compete with bilirubin for albumin binding and displace bilirubin to enter into the brain in neonates and increase the risk of kernicterus (a type of brain damage that can result from high levels of bilirubin in a baby’s blood. It can cause athetoid cere ...
Full Text
... Within the extracellular matrix, they fulfill architectural functions providing elasticity (Knudson and Knudson 2001; Scott 2003) and serve as storage for many growth factors and other proteins (Macri et al. 2007). They form the building blocks of cell walls, providing physical rigidity and protectio ...
... Within the extracellular matrix, they fulfill architectural functions providing elasticity (Knudson and Knudson 2001; Scott 2003) and serve as storage for many growth factors and other proteins (Macri et al. 2007). They form the building blocks of cell walls, providing physical rigidity and protectio ...
Cholesterol Homeostasis - Sigma
... Cholesterol is an essential biological molecule that performs many functions within the body. It is a structural component of all cell membranes and is also a precursor to steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids that aid in digestion. Within membranes the cholesterol to polar lipid ratios affect ...
... Cholesterol is an essential biological molecule that performs many functions within the body. It is a structural component of all cell membranes and is also a precursor to steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids that aid in digestion. Within membranes the cholesterol to polar lipid ratios affect ...
Enzymes responsible for chlorate reduction by Pseudomonas sp
... proteins serve as molecular chaperones for proteins expressed under conditions of environmental stress, including heat and osmotic stress, and the use of nonoptimal growth components. While it is possible that a protein other than the chlorate reductase was identified by sequencing, the similarity in ...
... proteins serve as molecular chaperones for proteins expressed under conditions of environmental stress, including heat and osmotic stress, and the use of nonoptimal growth components. While it is possible that a protein other than the chlorate reductase was identified by sequencing, the similarity in ...
chemical structure and properties
... Water soluble are much less specific and deficiency signs are difficult to relate to function ...
... Water soluble are much less specific and deficiency signs are difficult to relate to function ...
Liver-and-Pancreatic
... • Bilirubin is very sensitive to and is destroyed by light and heat; therefore specimens should be protected from ambient light prior to and during analysis. • Concentrations may decrease by 30% to 50% per hour if exposed to direct sunlight. • If separated and stored in the dark, serum or plasma is ...
... • Bilirubin is very sensitive to and is destroyed by light and heat; therefore specimens should be protected from ambient light prior to and during analysis. • Concentrations may decrease by 30% to 50% per hour if exposed to direct sunlight. • If separated and stored in the dark, serum or plasma is ...
The Mechanism of Enterohepatic Circulation in the Formation of
... in quantity but rather diversified in the small bowel. Bile salt metabolized by small bowel microbes consists mainly of deconjugation and hydroxy group oxidation. Ileal bile salt transport is highly efficient (about 95 %), but approximately 400–800 mg of bile salts escapes the enterohepatic circulat ...
... in quantity but rather diversified in the small bowel. Bile salt metabolized by small bowel microbes consists mainly of deconjugation and hydroxy group oxidation. Ileal bile salt transport is highly efficient (about 95 %), but approximately 400–800 mg of bile salts escapes the enterohepatic circulat ...
7 Biochemistry of fermentation
... may explain the presence of CO2 in the milk (see Fig. 7.1); however, an alternative route for the production of CO2 is the hydrolysis of urea (Tinson et al., 1982a–c). Lactate dehydrogenase is also important in the control of carbohydrate metabolism. The enzyme in Lactococcus spp. is activated by fr ...
... may explain the presence of CO2 in the milk (see Fig. 7.1); however, an alternative route for the production of CO2 is the hydrolysis of urea (Tinson et al., 1982a–c). Lactate dehydrogenase is also important in the control of carbohydrate metabolism. The enzyme in Lactococcus spp. is activated by fr ...
CHRYSAORA QUINQUECIRRHA) Research Article
... The study of natural products which exhibit biological activity derived from plants and animals has been of significant biomedical value, and crude products isolated from the organism have served as a source of drugs and also are starting materials from which useful drugs could be synthesized. Many ...
... The study of natural products which exhibit biological activity derived from plants and animals has been of significant biomedical value, and crude products isolated from the organism have served as a source of drugs and also are starting materials from which useful drugs could be synthesized. Many ...
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.