Sustained nonoxidative glucose utilization and depletion of
... tion dogs received a priming bolus of 20 &i of L-[1-‘4C]lactic acid (New England Nuclear Corp.; specific activity 55 mCi/mmol) followed by constant intravenous infusion at a rate of 25 &i/h. After an equilibration period of 25 min (16), arterial and venous samples were withdrawn as outlined to deter ...
... tion dogs received a priming bolus of 20 &i of L-[1-‘4C]lactic acid (New England Nuclear Corp.; specific activity 55 mCi/mmol) followed by constant intravenous infusion at a rate of 25 &i/h. After an equilibration period of 25 min (16), arterial and venous samples were withdrawn as outlined to deter ...
Branched-chain amino acids improve glucose
... in skeletal muscle or liver. Indeed, there is considerable evidence that liver and skeletal muscle glycogen content is lower in cirrhotic patients than in healthy individuals (29). Under these conditions, even the control of blood glucose during hunger is difficult, with the characteristics of gluco ...
... in skeletal muscle or liver. Indeed, there is considerable evidence that liver and skeletal muscle glycogen content is lower in cirrhotic patients than in healthy individuals (29). Under these conditions, even the control of blood glucose during hunger is difficult, with the characteristics of gluco ...
(1) Giycophorin was incorporated into large
... suits of these experiments are summarized in Table I. Comparison of the permeability data of the glycophorin-containing vesicles with the pure lipid vesicles, clearly shows that incorporation of glycophorin induces a largely increased permeability for glucose as well as for raffinose. This confirms ...
... suits of these experiments are summarized in Table I. Comparison of the permeability data of the glycophorin-containing vesicles with the pure lipid vesicles, clearly shows that incorporation of glycophorin induces a largely increased permeability for glucose as well as for raffinose. This confirms ...
Enzyme Properties
... Highly hydrated, voluminous Mesh structure (fig.7.36 or this fig. from Mathews & Van Holde) Aggrecan is major proteoglycan Typical of proteoglycans in that it’s extracellular ...
... Highly hydrated, voluminous Mesh structure (fig.7.36 or this fig. from Mathews & Van Holde) Aggrecan is major proteoglycan Typical of proteoglycans in that it’s extracellular ...
antimicrobial activities of sulfur compounds derived from s
... analysis of thiosulfinates in garlic and reported that the major thiosulfinates from garlic and elephant garlic was allicin. Other kinds of thiosulfinates identified from the extracts of Allium species are as in Table 2. Sinha et al. (59) reported a finding of allicin from the supercritical CO 2 ext ...
... analysis of thiosulfinates in garlic and reported that the major thiosulfinates from garlic and elephant garlic was allicin. Other kinds of thiosulfinates identified from the extracts of Allium species are as in Table 2. Sinha et al. (59) reported a finding of allicin from the supercritical CO 2 ext ...
Module 3 Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids
... to conserve materials and energy. Why is the first step of glycolysis not the only regulated step? A. * Some sugars can enter the glycolytic pathway beyond the first step. If steps other than step one were not regulated, the breakdown of these sugars would be essentially uncontrolled. B. Having more ...
... to conserve materials and energy. Why is the first step of glycolysis not the only regulated step? A. * Some sugars can enter the glycolytic pathway beyond the first step. If steps other than step one were not regulated, the breakdown of these sugars would be essentially uncontrolled. B. Having more ...
PDF - Agricultural Journals
... ACP, form the fatty-acid synthase I (FAS I) complex (EC 2.3.1.85) (KEGG). The yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) FAS I (EC 2.3.1.86) is a multi-functional protein having two non-identical subunits (α and β). ACP is associated with the α-subunit that additionally sustains 3-oxoacyl-ACP synthase (EC 2.3 ...
... ACP, form the fatty-acid synthase I (FAS I) complex (EC 2.3.1.85) (KEGG). The yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) FAS I (EC 2.3.1.86) is a multi-functional protein having two non-identical subunits (α and β). ACP is associated with the α-subunit that additionally sustains 3-oxoacyl-ACP synthase (EC 2.3 ...
A Chemical Approach To Illustrate the Principal of Signal
... for signal transduction. Generally, the sequential process is initiated by the binding of an extracellular signal to a receptor culminating in one or more specific cellular responses In this way, a signal, for example, can be transferred from the outside of the cell en route to the nucleus—a process ...
... for signal transduction. Generally, the sequential process is initiated by the binding of an extracellular signal to a receptor culminating in one or more specific cellular responses In this way, a signal, for example, can be transferred from the outside of the cell en route to the nucleus—a process ...
Aspects of Lipid Metabolism in Crustaceans Department of
... synthesis of lipid or possibly an increased lipid during the 'molting' cycle. These ear- rate of lipid catabolism. These data sugly observations were extended by Renaud g-est that a factor (s) in the eyestalks influ(1949) who demonstrated a rise in hepa- ences lipid metabolism. To test this hypothes ...
... synthesis of lipid or possibly an increased lipid during the 'molting' cycle. These ear- rate of lipid catabolism. These data sugly observations were extended by Renaud g-est that a factor (s) in the eyestalks influ(1949) who demonstrated a rise in hepa- ences lipid metabolism. To test this hypothes ...
Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose
... this level in order to have a constant supply for the glucose dependent tissues. Four tissues are dependent upon glucose alone for energy generation. Red blood cells are absolutely glucose dependent since they have only glycolysis for energy generation. In the fed state, nervous tissue, adrenal medu ...
... this level in order to have a constant supply for the glucose dependent tissues. Four tissues are dependent upon glucose alone for energy generation. Red blood cells are absolutely glucose dependent since they have only glycolysis for energy generation. In the fed state, nervous tissue, adrenal medu ...
L02_2002
... Control of glycogen metabolism is very complex. It involves: • allosteric regulation of both GS & GP • substrate cycles • enzyme-catalyzed covalent modification of both GS &GP • covalent modifications are under hormonal control in the body, through their own enzymatic cascades In LIVER: Glycogen me ...
... Control of glycogen metabolism is very complex. It involves: • allosteric regulation of both GS & GP • substrate cycles • enzyme-catalyzed covalent modification of both GS &GP • covalent modifications are under hormonal control in the body, through their own enzymatic cascades In LIVER: Glycogen me ...
Lecture 2: Glycogen metabolism (Chapter 15)
... Control of glycogen metabolism is very complex. It involves: • allosteric regulation of both GS & GP • substrate cycles • enzyme-catalyzed covalent modification of both GS &GP • covalent modifications are under hormonal control in the body, through their own enzymatic cascades In LIVER: Glycogen me ...
... Control of glycogen metabolism is very complex. It involves: • allosteric regulation of both GS & GP • substrate cycles • enzyme-catalyzed covalent modification of both GS &GP • covalent modifications are under hormonal control in the body, through their own enzymatic cascades In LIVER: Glycogen me ...
Metabolism of bile acids
... (v) bile salts act as signalling molecules in the regulation of enzymes and transporters of drug and intermediary metabolism. The adult human liver produces about 500 mg of bile acids per day [1,2]. About three times this amount represents the total bile acid pool size that cycles through the entero ...
... (v) bile salts act as signalling molecules in the regulation of enzymes and transporters of drug and intermediary metabolism. The adult human liver produces about 500 mg of bile acids per day [1,2]. About three times this amount represents the total bile acid pool size that cycles through the entero ...
167 renal and small intestinal sodium
... that renal apical Na+/Pi symport typically exibits an apparent Km for Pi of around 0.1–0.2 mmol l21 and that sodium ions interact with the transport system with a Kd of around 40–70 mmol l21. At neutral pH, interaction with sodium is sigmoidal, with a Hill coefficient of approximately 2, suggesting ...
... that renal apical Na+/Pi symport typically exibits an apparent Km for Pi of around 0.1–0.2 mmol l21 and that sodium ions interact with the transport system with a Kd of around 40–70 mmol l21. At neutral pH, interaction with sodium is sigmoidal, with a Hill coefficient of approximately 2, suggesting ...
SODIUM-COUPLED TRANSPORTERS FOR KREBS CYCLE
... similar to the one found in rabbit kidney (58). The rat transporter has an apparent Km for methylsuccinate of 130 µM (58) and a Km for α-ketoglutarate of 158 µM (14). Aside from the difference in substrate affinity, the apical membrane transporters in rat and rabbit are very similar in their sodium ...
... similar to the one found in rabbit kidney (58). The rat transporter has an apparent Km for methylsuccinate of 130 µM (58) and a Km for α-ketoglutarate of 158 µM (14). Aside from the difference in substrate affinity, the apical membrane transporters in rat and rabbit are very similar in their sodium ...
PPTX - Bonham Chemistry
... Peptidase works on small proteins and is optimal between 113o F and 122o F and a pH between 4.6 – 5.2. The smallest proteins, amino acids, are good for yeast nutrition. Small to mid-sized proteins are good for head retention and contribute to the body of your beer. ...
... Peptidase works on small proteins and is optimal between 113o F and 122o F and a pH between 4.6 – 5.2. The smallest proteins, amino acids, are good for yeast nutrition. Small to mid-sized proteins are good for head retention and contribute to the body of your beer. ...
Module 2 Biochemical bases of proliferation, intercellular
... 64. Who synthesized uric acid artificially from glycine and urea in 1882: A. German scientist Veller B. German scientist Fisher C. Polish-Russian scientist Nenskiy D. Austrian physiologist Maresh E. * Ukrainian scientist I. Horbachevskiy 65. Why constant excessive consumption of meat and glandular t ...
... 64. Who synthesized uric acid artificially from glycine and urea in 1882: A. German scientist Veller B. German scientist Fisher C. Polish-Russian scientist Nenskiy D. Austrian physiologist Maresh E. * Ukrainian scientist I. Horbachevskiy 65. Why constant excessive consumption of meat and glandular t ...
Differences in postingestive metabolism of glutamate and glycine
... water solutions of Glu are administered to the digestive tract. Ingested Gly is metabolized by the intestine to a lesser degree compared with Glu (46). It is used for intestinal protein synthesis and serves as an energy source and a precursor for glutathione synthesis. Dietary Glu or Gly that is not ...
... water solutions of Glu are administered to the digestive tract. Ingested Gly is metabolized by the intestine to a lesser degree compared with Glu (46). It is used for intestinal protein synthesis and serves as an energy source and a precursor for glutathione synthesis. Dietary Glu or Gly that is not ...
Differences in postingestive metabolism of glutamate and glycine
... water solutions of Glu are administered to the digestive tract. Ingested Gly is metabolized by the intestine to a lesser degree compared with Glu (46). It is used for intestinal protein synthesis and serves as an energy source and a precursor for glutathione synthesis. Dietary Glu or Gly that is not ...
... water solutions of Glu are administered to the digestive tract. Ingested Gly is metabolized by the intestine to a lesser degree compared with Glu (46). It is used for intestinal protein synthesis and serves as an energy source and a precursor for glutathione synthesis. Dietary Glu or Gly that is not ...
COMPARATIVE HYDROLYSIS OF GELATIN BY PEPSIN, TRYPSIN
... action of the pepsin, since the hydrolysis is still continuing slowly and if the analyses were made at weekly intervals it would be found that the values were increasing. This slow increase, however, approaches asymptotically the increase due to the acid alone, so that it is impossible to say when t ...
... action of the pepsin, since the hydrolysis is still continuing slowly and if the analyses were made at weekly intervals it would be found that the values were increasing. This slow increase, however, approaches asymptotically the increase due to the acid alone, so that it is impossible to say when t ...
03-1 Metabolism of carbohydrate
... Both activities are on the same protein. It’s a bifunctional enzyme. ...
... Both activities are on the same protein. It’s a bifunctional enzyme. ...
PFK - ePrints USM
... thrive through low temperatures. These microorganisms have very low optimum growth temperature in the range of 10 oC to 20 oC (Morita, 1975). They can be contrasted with thermophiles, which thrive at unusually hot temperatures. Despite the fact that a much greater proportion of the earth environment ...
... thrive through low temperatures. These microorganisms have very low optimum growth temperature in the range of 10 oC to 20 oC (Morita, 1975). They can be contrasted with thermophiles, which thrive at unusually hot temperatures. Despite the fact that a much greater proportion of the earth environment ...
G. M. Tielens Hellemond, Fred R. Opperdoes and Aloysius Susanne
... when pyruvate is degraded by the Krebs cycle, this result confirms that the activity of a complete Krebs cycle is negligible in procyclic cells (7). The incubations performed with [U-14C]glycerol showed that, in the presence of both substrates, next to glucose, a considerable amount of glycerol was ...
... when pyruvate is degraded by the Krebs cycle, this result confirms that the activity of a complete Krebs cycle is negligible in procyclic cells (7). The incubations performed with [U-14C]glycerol showed that, in the presence of both substrates, next to glucose, a considerable amount of glycerol was ...
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.