* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Prokaryotic genomes
Gene desert wikipedia , lookup
Human genetic variation wikipedia , lookup
Adeno-associated virus wikipedia , lookup
Comparative genomic hybridization wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Neocentromere wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
DNA sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Copy-number variation wikipedia , lookup
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Segmental Duplication on the Human Y Chromosome wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Oncogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
Public health genomics wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Transposable element wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
Pathogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Metagenomics wikipedia , lookup
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Whole genome sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Human Genome Project wikipedia , lookup
MICROBIOLOGIA GENERALE Prokaryotic genomes The prokaryotic genome Essential and non-essential genes in the prokaryotic genome The prokaryotic genome The chromosome of Escherichia coli The chromosome of Escherichia coli Autoradiograph of intact replicating chromosome of Escherichia coli Supercoiled DNA Prokaryotic genomes: Sequencing, sizes, ORF contents and gene distributions Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd Fleischmann et al. Science 269, 469-512, 1995 An approach for genome analysis based on sequencing and assembly of unselected pieces of DNA from the whole chromosome has been applied to obtain the complete nucleotide sequence (1,830,137 base pairs) of the genome from the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae Rd. This approach eliminates the need for initial mapping efforts and is therefore applicable to the vast array of microbial species for which genome maps are unavailable. The H. influenzae Rd genome sequence (Genome Sequence DataBase accession number L42023) represents the only complete genome sequence from a free-living organism. H. influenzae DNA was sonicated and fragments with sizes between 1.6 and 2.0 kb purified from an agarose gel and ligated into a plasmid vector to produce a clone library. End sequences were obtained from clones taken from this library, and a computer used to identify overlaps between sequences. This resulted in 140 sequence contigs, which were assembled into the complete genome sequence, The steps in a whole-genome shotgun sequencing project Locating possible functional open reading frames (ORFs) This is a schematic representation of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 EDL933 DNA molecule: chromosome Escherichia coli O157:H7 EDL933. Each color represents a different functional group of genes. Prokaryotic genomes Microorganism Size (bp) ORFs Mycoplasma genitalium Borrelia burgdorferi Treponema pallidum 580 070 910 725 1 138 006 470 853 1041 Helicobacter pylori Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Streptomyces coelicolor 1 667 867 2 814 816 4 214 810 4 411 529 4 639 221 6 264 403 8 667 507 1590 2593 4100 3924 4288 5570 7846 Total ORFs in genome Correlation between genome size and ORF content in prokaryotes Genome size (megabases) Each megabase of prokaryotic DNA encodes about 1000 ORFs Gene function in bacteria genomes Functional category of genes as a relative percent of the genome versus total ORFs in the genome Variations in gene category in Bacteria and Archea Eukaryotic genomes Organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae Plasmodium falciparum Encephalitozoon cuniculi Caenorhabditis elegans Arabidopsis thaliana Mus musculus Homo sapiens Size (Mbp) ORFs 13 (16 chr) 27 (14 chr) 2.9 (11 chr) 5570 1997 97 (6 chr) 19099 125 (5 chr) 2500 (23 chr) 3000 (23 chr) 25498 30000 30000? Eukaryotic genomes http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/MICRO BES/microbial_taxtree.html How complete microbial genome sequence data can speed vaccine development Bacterial metagenomics