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Transcript
CELLS Chapter 3 CELL THEORY Cells are the building blocks of plants and animals. Cells are the smallest functioning units of life. Cells are produced through the division of preexisting cells. Each cell maintains homeostasis. CYTOLOGY Cyto – cells -ology – study of The study of the structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) of cells. Methods of study: Light microscopy – magnifies ~1000x Light micrograph is a photo taken from this Electron microscopy – uses beams of electrons Cell Anatomy Cells are surrounded by extracellular fluid In most tissues, fluid is called interstitial fluid The inside of each cell is enclosed by the cell membrane Within the cell membrane is contained the cytoplasm This contains all the organelles, or cellular structures, and the cytosol, or the cell fluid The cytoplasm also surrounds the nucleus Cell Membrane Plasma Membrane Structure: Phospholipid bilayer Hydrophilic heads outside Hydrophobic tails in Function: Physical isolation Regulate exchange Sensitivity Structural support selectively permeable Organelles w/ & w/o Membranes Membrane Enclosed Nonmembraneous endoplasmic cytoskeleton reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes peroxisomes mitochondria nucleus microvilli centrioles cillia flagella ribosomes proteasomes Membrane-Enclosed Endoplasmic reticulum Structure: Network of membranes Connects to and Surrounds the nuclear envelope Smooth ER (no ribosomes; lipids and carbohydrates made) Rough ER (ribosomes; protein synthesis) Function: Synthesis Regions make proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates Storage Transport Detoxification Toxins are absorbed and neutralized Membrane-Enclosed Golgi apparatus Structure: 5-6 flat membrane disks, per set Contain enzymes Function: Modify and package secretions secretory vesicles Renew and modify cell membrane membrane renewal vesicles Package enzymes for use in cytosol lysosomes Membrane-Enclosed lysosomes Structure: vesicle filled with enzymes Function: Catabolic process Return nutrients to the cytosol Disease defense thru endocytosis autolysis “suicide packets” Membrane-Enclosed peroxisomes Structure: Carry different lysosomes Grow and subdivide to create new ones Function: Absorb and break down organic compounds More present in more metabolically active cells Produce free radicals – ions that have unpaired electrons Membrane-Enclosed mitochondria Structure: Double-membrane Inner membrane has folds, or cristae Internal fluid of mitochondria is called the matrix Function: Provide energy Puts energy in ATP form – an energy storing bond aerobic metabolism Membrane-Enclosed nucleus Structure: Has nuclear envelope around it envelope/ membrane is phospholipid bilayer there are nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope (RNA passes through this) Has nucleoplasm Function: Stores info to control synthesis of proteins Controls the cell’s function Chemically communicates with cytosol through pores No Membrane ribosome Structure: No membrane Has an activation site/ processing portion Function: aid in protein synthesis Participates in transcription – copying genetic information