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Memory Systems Hippocampus Hippocampus & Relational Memory • Highly processed information from association cortex areas enter hippocampus • Hippocampus integrates them—ties them together and then output is stored in other cortical areas • Allows you to retrieve all the information about an event Patients & Syndromes • HM-mediotemporal lobe • NA--thalamus • Korsakoffs-thalamus & hypothalamus Amnesia • Anterograde – Cannot form any new types of memories so always live at time of injury • Retrograde – Cannot recall stored memories for a specific time period Memory • Declarative: Explicit – Facts & Events • Easy to form, easy to lose • Medial Temporal Lobe & Thalamus • Non-Declarative: Implicit • Takes repetition, hard to lose – Procedural • Skills & Habits – Striatum – Classical Conditioning • Skeletal Muscles – Cerebellum • Emotional Responses – Amygdala Conscious Recollection • Only declarative memories & not nondeclarative memories Declarative Memory • Essential Anatomy – – – – – Medial Temporal Lobe Entorhinal and Perirhinal, Parahippocampal Cx Hippocampus Fornix to Mammilary Body of Hypothalamus Anterior & Dorsomedial Thalamus that project to cingulate cx (limbic system) HM • Had bilateral mediotemporal lobes removed due to epilepsy • Removed amygdala, anterior 2/3 of hippocampus, temporal cortex • Had anterograde amnesia • Studied by Brenda Milner • Could learn by procedural memory but had no recollection of having learned task Squire & Mishkin • Neuroscientists create an animal model for HM symptoms • Lesioned amygdala, hippocampus and perirhinal cortex in temporal lobe of monkeys and found that they could no longer perform in recognition memory tests • Later showed that perirhinal cortex is most important for new memory; temporary storage? Memory consolidation? Diencephalon & Memory Processing • Anterior thalamic nucleus • Dorsal Medial Thalamic nucleus • Mammillary bodies in hypothalamus Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus • Receives input from temporal lobe structures including amygdala & inferiortemporal cortex • Projects to all frontal cortex areas NA • Air Force technician injured by fencing foil –penetrated the dorsalmedial thalamus • Developed retrograde amnesia of previous 2 years and severe anterograde amnesia • Supports role of thalamus in memory Lashley • Lashley: 1920s studied rats in maze after cortical lesions • Found that all cortical areas are involved in memory Hebb, Lashley student • suggested CELL ASSEMBLY = all cells that respond to an external stimulus & are reciprocally interconnected • Neurons that fire together, wire together • 1949 Organization of Behavior • Sensory cortex also stores memory • Led to neural networks computer modeling Circuit using limbic structures • Hippocampal output axons travel as a bundle, the fornix, to the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus • Mammillary body axons project to anterior thalamic nucleus Definitions • • • • • Declarative & NonDeclarative Long term & Short Term Procedural & Working Experience Dependent Brain Development Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia Learning & Memory • Adaptations of brain circuitry to life experience • Learning = acquisition of new information or knowledge • Memory = retention of learning Long Term/Short Term Memory • Long Term: last years but is selective • Short term: last seconds to hours Memory based on Vision • Should be found in cortical area involved in vision processing • inferiortemporal cortex: higher order processing of visual information—stores memory of previously seen objects • Allows recognition of visual objects – Remember Kluver-Bucy pyschic blind monkeys Penfield • Neurosurgeon in the 1950’s removed epileptic foci after stimulation • Found that stimulation of temporal lobe in awake patients caused halucinations or memory retrieval