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Transcript
AP Biology 12 Genome Evolution: Chapter 21 Genome evolution is the process by which a genome changes in structure (sequence) or size over time Concept 4: Analyzing genomes and their evolution: retrotransposons, evo-devo, homeoboxes You Must Know How prokaryotic genomes compared to eukaryotic genomes The activity and role of transposable elements and retrotransposons. How evo-devo relates to our understanding of the evolution of genomes. The role homeotic genes and homeoboxes How could so many proteins be made with so few genes? Only 1.5% of the human genome codes for proteins or is transcribed into rRNAs or tRNAs. Much of the rest is___________________, sequences that are present in multiple copies in the genome. ___________________________makeup much of the repetitive DNA. Stretches of DNA that moves from one location to another in the genome with the aid of an enzyme,____________________. Two types _________________move by means of a DNA intermediate _________________move by means of a RNA intermediate and leave a copy at the original site. The process involves reverse transcriptase (remember this guy? Retroviruses!) Jumping Genes! What’s the point of transposable elements? Transposons can ____________________________function if inserted in the middle of a functional gene, or alter gene expression if inserted into a regulatory element. While this may be harmful, over many generations some may have small beneficial effects, resulting in __________________________. _____________________are collections of 2 or more identical or very similar genes. Evo-devo → a field of biology that compares _________________processes to understand how they may have evolved and how changes can modify existing organismal features or lead to new ones. Homeotic genes Master regulatory genes that control ______________and _____________________of body parts by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells. hox genes homeotic genes in animal were named hox genes, short form for homeobox containing genes. A homeobox is a widely conserved 180-nucleotide sequence found in homeotic genes. The sequence is _______________________since it is found in many groups (e.g. fungi, animals, and plants) with very few differences. This hints at the _______________________________of all life-forms.
