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BIG IDEA III Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. Enduring Understanding 3.E Transmission of information results in changes within and between biological systems. Essential Knowledge 3.E.1 Individuals can act on information and communicate it to others. PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Essential Knowledge 3.E.1: Individuals can act on information and communicate it to others. • Learning Objectives: – (3.40) The student is able to analyze data that indicate how organisms exchange information in response to internal changes and external cues, and which can change behavior. – (3.41) The student is able to create a representation that describes how organisms exchange information in response to internal changes and external cues, and which can result in changes in behavior. – (3.42) The student is able to describe how organisms exchange information in response to internal changes or environmental cues. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Organisms exchange information with each other in response to internal changes and external cues, which can change behavior. • Transmission of non-heritable information can determine critical roles that influence behavior within and between cells, organisms, and populations. • These responses are dependent upon or influenced by underlying genetic information, and decoding in many cases is complex and affected by external conditions. • Illustrative Examples Include: – Fight or flight response – Predator warnings – Plant-plant interactions due to herbivory Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fight or Flight Response http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/cellcom/ Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Predator Warnings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Plant-Plant Interactions due to Herbivory Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Communication occurs through various mechanisms. • Living systems have a variety of signal behaviors or cues that produce changes in the behavior of other organisms and can result in differential reproductive success. Illustrative examples include: – Herbivory responses; territorial marking in animals; coloration in flowers, etc. • Animals use visual, audible, tactile, electrical and chemical signals to indicate dominance, find food, establish territory and ensure reproductive success. Illustrative examples include: – Territorial marking; predator warning; coloration; swarming behavior in insects, bee dances, bird songs, etc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Responses to information and communication of information are vital to natural selection and evolution. • Natural selection favors innate and learned behaviors that increase survival and reproductive success. Illustrative examples include: – Migration patterns; courtship behaviors; foraging behaviors; avoidance behaviors; etc. • Cooperative behavior tends to increase the fitness of the individual and the survival of the population. Illustrative examples include: – Pack behavior; schooling behavior; predator warning; swarming behavior. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings BIG IDEA III Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. Enduring Understanding 3.E Transmission of information results in changes within and between biological systems. Essential Knowledge 3.E.2 Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Essential Knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. • Learning Objectives: – (3.43) The student is able to construct an explanation, based on scientific theories and models, about how nervous systems detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. – (3.44) The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. – (3.45) The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. – (3.46) The student is able to describe how the vertebrate brain integrates information to produce a response. – (3.47) The student is able to create a visual representation of complex nervous systems to describe/explain how these systems detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Essential Knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. • Learning Objectives: – (3.48) The student is able to create a visual representation to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. – (3.49) The student is able to create a visual representation to describe how nervous systems transmit information. – (3.50) The student is able to create a visual representation to describe how the vertebrate brain integrates information to produce a response. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 49-4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves Fig. 48-3 Sensory input Integration Sensor Motor output Effector Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS) The neuron is the basic structure of the nervous system that reflects function. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 48-4 Structure fits function in the vertebrate neuron: •many entry points for signal detection (dendrites) •one path out – signal travels in one direction only (axon) •transmits signal quickly (myelin sheath) and effectively (nodes of Ranvier) Dendrites Stimulus Nucleus Cell body Axon hillock Presynaptic cell Axon Synapse Synaptic terminals Postsynaptic cell Neurotransmitter Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Conduction Speed of Action Potentials Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Action potentials propagate impulses along neurons. • Membranes of neurons are polarized by the establishment of electrical potentials across the membranes. • In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. • Na+/K+ pumps, powered by ATP, work to maintain membrane potential. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Membrane & Resting Potential • Every cell has a voltage (difference in electrical charge) across its plasma membrane called a membrane potential. – • Messages are transmitted as changes in membrane potential The resting potential is the membrane potential of a neuron not sending signals. – Ion pumps and ion channels maintain the resting potential of a neuron. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings CYTOSOL [Na+] – 15 mM EXTRACELLULAR FLUID + [Na+] 150 mM – [K+] 150 mM – – [Cl ] 10 mM – + [A–] 100 mM – + + [K+] 5 mM [Cl–] + 120 mM Plasma membrane Fig. 48-6 Key Na+ K+ OUTSIDE CELL OUTSIDE [K+] CELL 5 mM INSIDE [K+] CELL 140 mM [Na+] [Cl–] 150 mM 120 mM [Na+] 15 mM [Cl–] 10 mM [A–] 100 mM INSIDE CELL (a) (b) Sodiumpotassium pump Potassium channel Sodium channel Action Potentials • Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons – they propagate impulses along neurons. • Neurons contain gated ion channels that open or close in response to stimuli: – In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K + gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. – Membrane potential changes in response to opening or closing of these channels. – This process is powered by ATP! Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 48-10-5 Key Na+ K+ 3 4 Rising phase of the action potential Falling phase of the action potential Membrane potential (mV) +50 Action potential –50 2 2 4 Threshold 1 1 5 Resting potential Depolarization Extracellular fluid 3 0 –100 Sodium channel Time Potassium channel Plasma membrane Cytosol Inactivation loop 5 1 Resting state Undershoot Fig. 48-11-3 - http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter14/animation__the_nerve_impulse.html Axon Plasma membrane Action potential Cytosol Na+ K+ Action potential Na+ K+ K+ Action potential Na+ K+ Transmission of information between neurons occurs across synapses. • The vast majority of synapses are chemical synapses. • In most animals, transmission across synapses involves chemical messengers called neurotransmitters, which are stored in the synaptic terminal. • Illustrative examples of neurotransmitters include: • – Acetylcholine – Epinephrine – Norepinephrine – Dopamine – Serotonin Transmission of information along neurons and synapses results in a response that can be stimulatory or inhibitory. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 48-15 http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp44/4402003.html 5 Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel Postsynaptic membrane 1 Ca2+ 4 2 Synaptic cleft Presynaptic membrane 3 Ligand-gated ion channels 6 K+ Na+ Different regions of the vertebrate brain have different functions. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 49-UN5 Cerebral cortex Cerebrum Forebrain Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Midbrain Hindbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Spinal cord