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BIG IDEA III
Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and
respond to information essential to life processes.
Enduring Understanding 3.E
Transmission of information results in
changes within and between biological systems.
Essential Knowledge 3.E.1
Individuals can act on information and communicate it to others.
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Essential Knowledge 3.E.1: Individuals can act on
information and communicate it to others.
• Learning Objectives:
– (3.40) The student is able to analyze data that indicate
how organisms exchange information in response to
internal changes and external cues, and which can
change behavior.
– (3.41) The student is able to create a representation
that describes how organisms exchange information in
response to internal changes and external cues, and
which can result in changes in behavior.
– (3.42) The student is able to describe how organisms
exchange information in response to internal changes
or environmental cues.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Organisms exchange information with each other in response to
internal changes and external cues, which can change behavior.
• Transmission of non-heritable information can determine
critical roles that influence behavior within and between
cells, organisms, and populations.
• These responses are dependent upon or influenced by
underlying genetic information, and decoding in many
cases is complex and affected by external conditions.
• Illustrative Examples Include:
– Fight or flight response
– Predator warnings
– Plant-plant interactions due to herbivory
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fight or Flight Response
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/cellcom/
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Predator Warnings
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Plant-Plant Interactions due to Herbivory
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Communication occurs through various
mechanisms.
• Living systems have a variety of signal behaviors or cues
that produce changes in the behavior of other organisms
and can result in differential reproductive success.
Illustrative examples include:
–
Herbivory responses; territorial marking in animals;
coloration in flowers, etc.
• Animals use visual, audible, tactile, electrical and chemical
signals to indicate dominance, find food, establish territory
and ensure reproductive success. Illustrative examples
include:
–
Territorial marking; predator warning; coloration; swarming
behavior in insects, bee dances, bird songs, etc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Responses to information and communication of
information are vital to natural selection and evolution.
• Natural selection favors innate and learned behaviors that
increase survival and reproductive success. Illustrative
examples include:
– Migration patterns; courtship behaviors; foraging
behaviors; avoidance behaviors; etc.
• Cooperative behavior tends to increase the fitness of the
individual and the survival of the population. Illustrative
examples include:
– Pack behavior; schooling behavior; predator warning;
swarming behavior.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
BIG IDEA III
Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and
respond to information essential to life processes.
Enduring Understanding 3.E
Transmission of information results in
changes within and between biological systems.
Essential Knowledge 3.E.2
Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals,
transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Essential Knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect
external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
• Learning Objectives:
–
(3.43) The student is able to construct an explanation, based on
scientific theories and models, about how nervous systems detect
external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and
produce responses.
–
(3.44) The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect
external and internal signals.
–
(3.45) The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit
information.
–
(3.46) The student is able to describe how the vertebrate brain
integrates information to produce a response.
–
(3.47) The student is able to create a visual representation of complex
nervous systems to describe/explain how these systems detect external
and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce
responses.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Essential Knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect
external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
• Learning Objectives:
–
(3.48) The student is able to create a visual representation to describe
how nervous systems detect external and internal signals.
–
(3.49) The student is able to create a visual representation to describe
how nervous systems transmit information.
–
(3.50) The student is able to create a visual representation to describe
how the vertebrate brain integrates information to produce a response.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 49-4
Central nervous
system (CNS)
Brain
Spinal
cord
Peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
Cranial
nerves
Ganglia
outside
CNS
Spinal
nerves
Fig. 48-3
Sensory input
Integration
Sensor
Motor output
Effector
Peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
Central nervous
system (CNS)
The neuron is the basic structure of the nervous
system that reflects function.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 48-4
Structure fits function in the
vertebrate neuron:
•many entry points for signal
detection (dendrites)
•one path out – signal travels in
one direction only (axon)
•transmits signal quickly (myelin
sheath) and effectively (nodes
of Ranvier)
Dendrites
Stimulus
Nucleus
Cell
body
Axon
hillock
Presynaptic
cell
Axon
Synapse
Synaptic terminals
Postsynaptic cell
Neurotransmitter
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Conduction Speed of Action Potentials
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Action potentials propagate impulses along
neurons.
• Membranes of neurons are polarized by the
establishment of electrical potentials across
the membranes.
• In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+
gated channels sequentially open and
cause the membrane to become locally
depolarized.
• Na+/K+ pumps, powered by ATP, work to
maintain membrane potential.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Membrane & Resting Potential
•
Every cell has a voltage
(difference in electrical charge)
across its plasma membrane
called a membrane potential.
–
•
Messages are transmitted
as changes in membrane
potential
The resting potential is the
membrane potential of a neuron
not sending signals.
–
Ion pumps and ion channels
maintain the resting potential
of a neuron.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
CYTOSOL
[Na+] –
15 mM
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
+ [Na+]
150 mM
–
[K+]
150 mM
–
–
[Cl ]
10 mM –
+
[A–]
100 mM –
+
+
[K+]
5 mM
[Cl–]
+ 120 mM
Plasma
membrane
Fig. 48-6
Key
Na+
K+
OUTSIDE
CELL
OUTSIDE [K+]
CELL
5 mM
INSIDE [K+]
CELL 140 mM
[Na+]
[Cl–]
150 mM 120 mM
[Na+]
15 mM
[Cl–]
10 mM
[A–]
100 mM
INSIDE
CELL
(a)
(b)
Sodiumpotassium
pump
Potassium
channel
Sodium
channel
Action Potentials
• Action potentials are the signals conducted
by axons – they propagate impulses along
neurons.
• Neurons contain gated ion channels that
open or close in response to stimuli:
–
In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K + gated channels sequentially
open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized.
–
Membrane potential changes in response to opening or closing of
these channels.
–
This process is powered by ATP!
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 48-10-5
Key
Na+
K+
3
4
Rising phase of the action potential
Falling phase of the action potential
Membrane potential
(mV)
+50
Action
potential
–50
2
2
4
Threshold
1
1
5
Resting potential
Depolarization
Extracellular fluid
3
0
–100
Sodium
channel
Time
Potassium
channel
Plasma
membrane
Cytosol
Inactivation loop
5
1
Resting state
Undershoot
Fig. 48-11-3 - http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter14/animation__the_nerve_impulse.html
Axon
Plasma
membrane
Action
potential
Cytosol
Na+
K+
Action
potential
Na+
K+
K+
Action
potential
Na+
K+
Transmission of information between neurons
occurs across synapses.
•
The vast majority of synapses are chemical synapses.
•
In most animals, transmission across synapses involves chemical
messengers called neurotransmitters, which are stored in the
synaptic terminal.
•
Illustrative examples of neurotransmitters include:
•
–
Acetylcholine
–
Epinephrine
–
Norepinephrine
–
Dopamine
–
Serotonin
Transmission of information along neurons and synapses results in a
response that can be stimulatory or inhibitory.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 48-15
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp44/4402003.html
5
Synaptic vesicles
containing
neurotransmitter
Voltage-gated
Ca2+ channel
Postsynaptic
membrane
1 Ca2+
4
2
Synaptic
cleft
Presynaptic
membrane
3
Ligand-gated
ion channels
6
K+
Na+
Different regions of the vertebrate brain have
different functions.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 49-UN5
Cerebral
cortex
Cerebrum
Forebrain
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Cerebellum
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Spinal
cord