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DNA, RNA, and Protein DNA, RNA and Proteins • Central Dogma: – DNA codes for RNA which guides protein synthesis Nucleus Gene • a specific sequence of bases in DNA that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein Protein • Proteins contain between 50 - 2000 amino acids • Very complex structure – 3 basic shapes: »Helix »Pleated sheet »Globular Illustration of Protein Structure Primary (Amino Acid Sequence) Tertiary (Bending) Quaternary (Layering) Secondary (Helix) Pleated Sheets Hydrogen Bonds Structural Proteins Horn Fibroin Hair Keratin Spiderweb Hair Structure Hair Cell Single hair Microfibril Protofibril | S | S | Hydrogen bonds | S | S | disulfide bridges Curling of Hair S | | | S | | S S | | | S | S S | | | S | Permanent Wave S | Naturally Curly Hair | S | S | | S Straight Hair RNA Structure • Nucleic acid that makes protein Ribonucleic acid RNA Structure Shape: Sugar: Base: Size: Location: Function: DNA • Double Helix • Deoxyribose • Thymine • Very Large • Nucleus • Stores Genetic Info, replication, makes RNA RNA • Single Helix • Ribose • Uracil • Smaller • Cytoplasm • Makes protein Transcription • The copying of a genetic message from DNA to RNA RNA DNA released Base Pairs to DNA half Original DNA make Separate protein ‘transcribes’ RNA Transcription Transcription RNA Transcription in Action Three Types of RNA mRNA A G A U G C G A G U U A U G G codons Ribosome contains rRNA Met Amino acid tRNA anticodon Large subunit 1 2 Small subunit tRNA docking sites UGA Messenger RNA (mRNA) • Carries the information for making a protein from DNA to the ribosomes. • Acts as a template (pattern) • Contains codons Codons • Triplets of bases that code for a particular amino acid • Start Codon: (AUG) - marks the start of a polypeptide • Stop Codon: (UAA, UAG, UGA) - marks the end Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Transcribed in nucleus and combined with protein into ribosomes (site of protein synthesis) Transfer RNA (tRNA) • Carries amino acid to specific place on mRNA • Contains Anticodon: – Triplet of bases complimentary to mRNA codon Translation • protein synthesis • decoding the "message" of mRNA into a protein Information Flow: DNA RNA Protein Gene Regulation and Mutation What is meant by gene expression? • Gene expression refers to genes being ‘turned on’ and producing a product. The product could be an enzyme, a structural protein, or a control molecule Gene Expression • Prokaryotic cells regulate gene expression with a set of genes called an operon (also located in some eukaryotes). • An operon is a group of closely linked genes that produces a single mRNA molecule in transcription and that consists of structural genes and regulating elements Eukaryotic Gene Expression • Eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression using various transcription factors and other processes. Mutations • Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA • Can occur in any cell – Somatic (body cell) Mutations: • may be harmful but not inherited – Gamete (germ cell) Mutations: • can be inherited Causes • Mutagens: – – Radiation- UV, Xrays, etc. Chemicals (asbestos, etc.) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism SNP’s (SNIPS) • Example: CAT HAT • For a change in DNA CGT SNP CGA • What Amino Acid is produced for each? mRNA GCA Alanine GCU Alanine Single Nucleotide Polymorphism SNP’s (SNIPS) • For a change in DNA CGT SNP GGT • What Amino Acid is produced for each? mRNA GCA Alanine CCA Proline Frame Shift Deletions, Additions, Duplications Additions THE DOG BIT THE BOY THE DOGS BIT THE BOY THE DOG SBI TTH EBO Y Deletions THE DOG BIT THE BOY THE OGB ITT HEB OY Frame Shift Deletions, Additions, Duplications DNA TAC GGA GAT TAT CCC GAA ACT mRNA AUG CCU CUA AUA GGG CUU UGA Amino Acid Chain Met Pro Leu Iso Gly Leu Stop Methionine Proline Leucine Isoleucine Glycine Leucine Stop Frame Shift Deletions, Additions, Duplications Delete DNA TAC GGA GAT TAT CCC GAA ACT TAC GAG ATT ATC CCG AAA CT mRNA AUG CUC UAA UAG GGC UUU GA Amino Acid Chain Met Leu Stop Stop Gly Phe Methionine Leucine Stop Stop Glycine Phenylalanine Chromosomal Mutation • Change in an entire chromosome or in chromosome number within a cell Translocation • Transfer of a chromosome segment to a non-homologous chromosome Normal Translocation Inversion • Rotation of a chromosome segment Normal Inversion Insertion • Breaking off of a chromosome segment and attaching to its homologue Normal Insertion Deletion • Chromosome segment left out Normal Deletion Trinucleotide Polymorphisms • • • • • • • THE DOG BIT THE BOY THE BIG DOG BIT THE BOY (addition) THE GOD BIT THE BOY (inversion) THE DOG BIT BOY (deletion) THE BOY BIT THE DOG (translocation) THE DOG BIT BIT THE BOY (repetition) THE DOG BIT THE BOY AND RAN OFF (expansion)