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Name______________________________ Class __________________ Date ______________ Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering Section 13–1 Changing the Living World (pages 319–321) This section explains how people use selective breeding and mutations to develop organisms with desirable characteristics. Selective Breeding (pages 319–320) 1. What is meant by selective breeding? Only animals and plants with desired characteristics are allowed to produce the next generation. 2. Circle the letter of each organism that has been produced by selective breeding. a. horses b. dogs c. cats d. potatoes 3. Who was Luther Burbank? He was a selective plant breeder who developed disease-resistant potatoes to help fight potato blight in Ireland, as well as over 800 varieties of other plants. 4. Complete the compare-and-contrast table of types of selective breeding. © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. SELECTIVE BREEDING Type Description Examples Hybridization Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms Disease-resistant Burbank potato Inbreeding The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics Maintaining dog breeds 5. Is the following sentence true or false? Hybrids are often hardier than either of the parents. true . 6. What two plant traits did Luther Burbank try to combine in his crosses? a. Disease resistance b. Food-producing capacity 7. Is the following sentence true or false? To maintain the desired characteristics of a line of organisms, breeders often use hybridization. false 8. Most members of a breed are genetically 9. What are the risks of inbreeding? similar . There is always a chance that a cross between two individuals will bring together two recessive alleles for a genetic defect. Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 13 107 Name______________________________ Class __________________ Date ______________ Chapter 13, Genetic Engineering (continued) Increasing Variation (pages 320–321) 10. Why are biologists interested in preserving the diversity of plants and animals in the wild? Selective breeding would be nearly impossible without the wide variation found in natural populations. 11. Is the following sentence true or false? The genetic variation that exists in nature is enough to satisfy the needs of breeders. false 12. Breeders can increase the genetic variation by inducing mutations , which are the ultimate source of genetic variability. 13. Circle the letter of an inheritable change in DNA. a. variation b. trait c. mutation d. genotype 14. Is the following sentence true or false? Mutations cannot occur spontaneously. false 15. Name two methods used by breeders to increase the rate of mutation. a. Radiation b. Chemicals 16. Is it easy for breeders to produce mutants with desirable mutations? Explain. No, many mutations are harmful, and it requires luck and perseverance to produce a few mutants with desirable characteristics that are not found in the original population. 17. Why are radiation and chemicals useful techniques for producing mutant bacteria? The small size of bacteria enable millions of organisms to be treated at the same time, thus increasing the chances of producing a useful mutant. bacteria that can digest oil. true 19. What technique do scientists use to produce mutant plants? Scientists use drugs that prevent chromosomal separation during meiosis. 20. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about polyploidy. a. Polyploid plants have many sets of chromosomes. b. Polyploidy is usually fatal in animals. c. Polyploidy produces new species of plants that are weaker and smaller than their diploid relatives. d. Bananas and some citrus fruits are polyploid. 108 Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 13 © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18. Is the following sentence true or false? Scientists have produced Name______________________________ Class __________________ Section 13–2 Manipulating DNA Date ______________ (pages 322–326) This section describes the various techniques used by molecular biologists to study and change DNA molecules. The Tools of Molecular Biology (pages 322–323) Genetic engineering is making changes in the DNA code of a 1. What is genetic engineering? living organism. 2. Is the following sentence true or false? Making changes to the DNA code is similar to changing the code of a computer program. true structure 3. Scientists use their knowledge of the and its molecules. chemical of DNA properties to study and change DNA 4. List four different techniques that molecular biologists use to study and change DNA molecules. a. Extract DNA from cells b. Cut DNA into smaller pieces c. Identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule d. Make unlimited copies of DNA 5. Explain how biologists get DNA out of a cell. The cells are opened, and the DNA is separated from the other cell parts. restriction enzymes 6. Biologists use to cut DNA molecules at a specific sequence of nucleotides to make smaller fragments. © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7. Circle the letter of the process by which DNA fragments are separated and analyzed. a. gel electrophoresis c. transformation b. extraction d. restriction 8. In the diagram below, label the positive and negative ends of the gel and identify the location of longer and shorter fragments. – Power source Longer fragments Shorter fragments + Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 13 109 Name______________________________ Class __________________ Date ______________ Chapter 13, Genetic Engineering (continued) 9. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about gel electrophoresis. a. An electric voltage applied to the gel separates the DNA fragments. b. DNA molecules are positively charged. c. Gel electrophoresis is used to compare the genomes of different organisms. d. Gel electrophoresis can be used to locate and identify one particular gene in an individual’s genome. Using the DNA Sequence (pages 323–326) 10. Complete the concept map to show how researchers use the DNA sequence of an organism. Identifying DNA Sequence enables researchers to Study specific genes Compare genes with other organisms Discover the functions of genes 11. List four “ingredients” added to a test tube to produce tagged DNA fragments that can be used to read a sequence of DNA. a. Small, single-stranded pieces of DNA b. Enzyme that can make a complementary DNA strand d. One base labeled with a fluorescent dye 12. What does the reaction in the test tube generate when complimentary DNA is made for reading DNA? The reaction generates a series of tiny DNA fragments that are color-coded according to the fluorescent base that has been added at the very end. 13. Is the following sentence true or false? The pattern of colored bands on a gel tells the exact sequence of bases in DNA. true 14. Enzymes that splice DNA together can also be used to join synthetic DNA sequences to natural DNA sequences. 15. How is recombinant DNA produced? It is produced by combining DNA from different sources. 110 Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 13 © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. c. Supply of the 4 nucleotide bases in DNA Name______________________________ Class __________________ Date ______________ 16. What is polymerase chain reaction? It is a technique that allows biologists to make many copies of a particular gene. 17. What is the role of the primers in PCR? The primers are short pieces of complementary DNA sequences that provide a place for DNA polymerase to start working. 18. Circle the letter of the first step in the polymerase chain reaction. a. The copies become templates to make more copies. b. The DNA is cooled to allow the primers to bind to the singlestranded DNA. c. The DNA is heated to separate its two strands. d. DNA polymerase makes copies of the region between the primers. Section 13–3 Cell Transformation (pages 327–329) This section tells what happens during cell transformation. It also describes techniques used to determine if transformation has been successful. Introduction (page 327) 1. What occurs during transformation? A cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. This external DNA becomes a part of the cell’s DNA. 2. Is the following sentence true or false? Griffith’s extract of heatkilled bacteria contained DNA fragments. Transforming Bacteria true (pages 327–328) © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3. Complete the flowchart to show the steps in transforming bacteria. plasmid Foreign DNA is joined to a(an) , which is a small, circular DNA molecule found naturally in some bacteria. Recombinant plasmids are mixed with bacterial cells. Some bacterial cells take transformation in the recombinant DNA by the process of . The culture is treated with a(an) kills bacteria. antibiotic , a compound that Only cells that have been transformed survive, because only they carry a(an) gene for antibiotic resistance. Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 13 111 Name______________________________ Class __________________ Date ______________ Chapter 13, Genetic Engineering (continued) 4. Give two reasons why a plasmid is useful for DNA transfer. a. It has a DNA sequence that serves as a bacterial origin of replication, ensuring that the foreign DNA will be replicated. b. It has a genetic marker—a gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that don’t. Transforming Plant Cells (pages 328–329) 5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about transforming plant cells. a. Many plant cells can be transformed by using a bacterium that will, in nature, insert a tumor-producing plasmid into plant cells. b. Sometimes plant cells in culture will take up DNA on their own when their cell walls are removed. c. It is impossible to inject DNA directly into plant cells. d. Plant cells that are transformed cannot develop into adult plants. 6. When researchers transform plant cells using a bacterium that causes plant tumors, how do researchers prevent plant tumors from forming in the transformed cells? Researchers inactivate the tumor-producing gene. 7. Describe what occurs in a successful transformation of cells. The recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell. Transforming Animal Cells (page 329) 8. Describe how animal cells can be transformed by directly DNA can be directly injected into many egg cells. Once inside the nucleus, DNA repair enzymes may help to insert the foreign DNA into the chromosomes. 9. Is the following sentence true or false? The DNA molecules used for transformation of animal cells do not require marker genes. false 10. How is a DNA molecule constructed so that it will “knock out” a particular gene? The DNA molecule is constructed with two ends that will sometimes recombine with specific sequences in the host chromosome. 11. Is the following sentence true or false? Gene replacement has made it possible to identify the specific functions of genes in many organisms. 112 true Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 13 © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. injecting DNA. Name______________________________ Class __________________ Date ______________ Reading Skill Practice When you read about related concepts, a compare-and-contrast table can help you focus on their similarities and differences. Construct a table to compare and contrast transformation in bacteria, plants, and animals. Look in Appendix A for more information about compare-and-contrast tables. Do your work on a separate sheet of paper. In their tables, students should compare and contrast methods of transformation and how transformed cells are identified. Section 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering (pages 331–333) This section explains how transgenic organisms are made. It also describes what a clone is and how animal clones are produced. Introduction (page 331) 1. How do scientists know that plants and animals share the same basic mechanisms of gene expression? A gene for luciferase, an animal enzyme, works perfectly in a plant. Transgenic Organisms (pages 331–333) 2. What is a transgenic organism? It is an organism that contains genes from other organisms. 3. Describe how to make a transgenic organism. Using basic techniques of genetic engineering, a gene from one organism can be inserted into cells from another organism. 4. Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of biotechnology © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. , a new industry that is changing the way we interact with the living world. 5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about transgenic microorganisms. a. Transgenic bacteria will never produce useful substances for health and industry. b. Transgenic bacteria produce human proteins cheaply and in great abundance. c. People with insulin-dependent diabetes are now treated with pure human insulin. d. In the future, transgenic organisms may produce the raw materials for plastics. 6. Is the following sentence true or false? Researchers are working on developing transgenic chickens that will be resistant to bacterial infections that sometimes cause food poisoning. true Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 13 113 Name______________________________ Class __________________ Date ______________ Chapter 13, Genetic Engineering (continued) 7. List four ways in which transgenic animals have been used. a. To study genes b. To improve the food supply c. To study the effects of diseases on the human immune system d. To produce human proteins 8. Many transgenic plants contain genes that produce a natural insecticide , so the crops do not have to be sprayed with pesticides. 9. Circle the letter of each item that might soon be produced by transgenic plants. a. human antibodies c. rot-resistant foods b. plastics d. vitamin A-enriched rice Cloning (page 333) 10. What is a clone? It is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. 11. Is the following sentence true or false? For years, many scientists thought that that it was impossible to clone bacteria. false 12. Complete the sentences in the diagram below to show the steps in cloning a sheep. Donor Nucleus The egg cell is fused with a (an) cell taken from another adult using an electric shock. Fused Cell The nucleus of an egg cell is removed. The fused cell begins to divide Cloned Lamb 114 The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother, where it develops normally. normally. Embryo Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 13 © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Egg Cell Name______________________________ Class __________________ Date ______________ 13. Is the following sentence true or false? All cloned animals are also false transgenic. 14. What kinds of mammals have been cloned in recent years? Sheep, cows, pigs, mice, and other mammals have been cloned. WordWise Use the clues below to identify vocabulary terms from Chapter 13. Write the terms below, putting one letter in each blank. When you finish, the term enclosed in the diagonal will reveal an important tool in transformation. Clues 1. The condition of having many sets of chromosomes 2. A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell 3. An organism that contains genes from other organisms 4. A molecule that cuts DNA molecules at a specific sequence of nucleotides 5. Produced when DNA from different sources is combined 6. The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics 7. The process of crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms 1. p o l y p 2. c l o n e t r a n 4. r e 5. r e c © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3. l o i d s g e n i c s t r i c t i o o m b i n a n t i n b r e e i d i z a t s m 6. 7. h y b Hidden Word: p Definition: r l a i n e n D N A d i n g i o n z y m e d A small, circular DNA molecule found naturally in some bacteria Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 13 115