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9.1 – Manipulating DNA
Chapter 9: Biotechnology
Key Concept: Biotechnology relies on cutting DNA at specific places.
Scientists use several techniques to manipulate DNA.
 _____________________________________________ are used to work with DNA.
 Scientists use these tools in genetics research and biotechnology.
Restriction enzymes
 Collected from ___________________
 Used for _______________________________ to isolate specific gene or genes.
 Cut DNA at ___________________________________________ called restriction sites.
 Can leave _______________________ (straight cuts) or _________________________ (staggered cuts
with free nucleotides)
 Cut DNA can be used to study gene sequence or placed into the DNA of another organism.
Small
fragments
travel
further
Restriction maps show the lengths of DNA fragments.∫
 Gel electrophoresis is used to _______________________________________________________.
 A DNA sample is cut into fragments with restriction enzymes.
 Electrical current pulls DNA fragments through a gel.
 _________________________________________________ and travel farther than larger
fragments.
 Fragments of different sizes _____________________________________________
 A restriction map shows the ________________________________________________________.
 Only indicate _________, not DNA sequence
 Useful in _______________________________, studying mutations (mutations may change length
of fragments), or for DNA fingerprinting.
9.3 – DNA Fingerprinting
Key Concept: DNA fingerprints identify people at the molecular level.
A DNA fingerprint is a type of restriction map.
 DNA fingerprints are based on parts of an individual’s DNA that can be used for _______________
 Based on _______________________________________
 Noncoding regions have __________________________________________
 Number of repeats differs between people
 _________________________________________ is a DNA fingerprint
DNA fingerprinting is used for identification.
 DNA fingerprinting depends on the probability of a match.
 Many people have the same number of repeats in a certain region of DNA
 The probability that two people share identical numbers of repeats in several locations is ____
________ (only one chance in ___________________ people that they would match)
 ___________________________________________________to make a DNA fingerprint to
make it more likely that the fingerprint is unique.
Uses of DNA Fingerprinting
 Forensics: evidence in ______________________
 _________________ tests
 _________________ requests (positive identification)
 Studying ____________________
 Tracking _______________________________
9.4 – Genetic Engineering
Key Concept: DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.
Genetic Engineering
 Involves changing an organism’s DNA to ________________________________
 Based on the use of recombinant DNA
 Recombinant DNA contains
__________________________________________________
 Gene splicing involves cutting the gene from one organism and pasting it into another organism’s
DNA to give it the trait coded for by that gene (makes recombinant DNA).
 Bacteria are frequently used in genetic engineering because they have plasmids – closed
loops of DNA.
Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits.
 Restriction enzymes cut ____________________________________
 ______________________________________________________________
Uses of Genetic Engineering
 Medicine: Transgenic bacteria can be used to ____________________________________
 Bacteria can be used to ____________________________________for diabetics
 Provides a steady, inexpensive supply of insulin.
 _______________________ are common in agriculture
 transgenic bacteria ________________________________
 plant ____________________________________
 many crops are now ______________________________ (GMO)
*Gives them traits like resistance to frost, diseases, insects
*Increase crop yield – more food quickly and cheaply.
*Increase nutrient levels in crops like rice.
 Transgenic animals are used to study __________________________________
Concerns about Genetic Engineering
 Possible ____________________________________ of eating
GM foods – Allergies?
 Possible effects of GM plants on ______________________________
 Lack of genetic diversity in transgenic plants could leave them vulnerable to new
diseases or pests.
 Effects on natural plant pollinators like bees or butterflies.
 Cross-pollination between transgenic plants and natural plants.
Cloning
 A clone is a _________________________________________________ of a gene or an organism
 Cloning occurs in nature
 ___________________ (binary fission)
 Some ______________ (from roots)
 Some simple ________________ (budding, regeneration)
Cloning mammals
 Process called _______________________
 Nucleus is ______________________________ cell
 Nucleus from a cell from the animal to be cloned is ____________________________
Pros/Cons of Cloning
BENEFITS
 ____________________________ into humans
 Save __________________________________
CONCERNS
 _______________________ rate
 Clones “______________” and less healthy than original animal
 Decreased ___________________________
9.5 & 9.6 Genomics and Gene Therapy
 _________________________: Is the study of genomes (all of an organisms DNA)
 This has provided a big step in understanding evolution.
 ____________________________________________: (2003) scientists mapped and sequenced
all of the DNA from a few humans to figure out our common base pairs of the entire set of
chromosomes.
 _____________________________: the replacement of a defective or missing gene, or the
addition of a new gene into a persons genome to treat a disease.
o This is a promising treatment option for inherited genetic disorders & certain types of
cancers, but it is still in the experimental phase.