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Name ___________________________________ 9.1 – Manipulating DNA Chapter 9: Biotechnology Key Concept: Biotechnology relies on cutting DNA at specific places. Scientists use several techniques to manipulate DNA. _____________________________________________ are used to work with DNA. Scientists use these tools in genetics research and biotechnology. Restriction enzymes Collected from ___________________ Used for _______________________________ to isolate specific gene or genes. Cut DNA at ___________________________________________ called restriction sites. Can leave _______________________ (straight cuts) or _________________________ (staggered cuts with free nucleotides) Cut DNA can be used to study gene sequence or placed into the DNA of another organism. Small fragments travel further Restriction maps show the lengths of DNA fragments.∫ Gel electrophoresis is used to _______________________________________________________. A DNA sample is cut into fragments with restriction enzymes. Electrical current pulls DNA fragments through a gel. _________________________________________________ and travel farther than larger fragments. Fragments of different sizes _____________________________________________ A restriction map shows the ________________________________________________________. Only indicate _________, not DNA sequence Useful in _______________________________, studying mutations (mutations may change length of fragments), or for DNA fingerprinting. 9.3 – DNA Fingerprinting Key Concept: DNA fingerprints identify people at the molecular level. A DNA fingerprint is a type of restriction map. DNA fingerprints are based on parts of an individual’s DNA that can be used for _______________ Based on _______________________________________ Noncoding regions have __________________________________________ Number of repeats differs between people _________________________________________ is a DNA fingerprint DNA fingerprinting is used for identification. DNA fingerprinting depends on the probability of a match. Many people have the same number of repeats in a certain region of DNA The probability that two people share identical numbers of repeats in several locations is ____ ________ (only one chance in ___________________ people that they would match) ___________________________________________________to make a DNA fingerprint to make it more likely that the fingerprint is unique. Uses of DNA Fingerprinting Forensics: evidence in ______________________ _________________ tests _________________ requests (positive identification) Studying ____________________ Tracking _______________________________ 9.4 – Genetic Engineering Key Concept: DNA sequences of organisms can be changed. Genetic Engineering Involves changing an organism’s DNA to ________________________________ Based on the use of recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA contains __________________________________________________ Gene splicing involves cutting the gene from one organism and pasting it into another organism’s DNA to give it the trait coded for by that gene (makes recombinant DNA). Bacteria are frequently used in genetic engineering because they have plasmids – closed loops of DNA. Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits. Restriction enzymes cut ____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Uses of Genetic Engineering Medicine: Transgenic bacteria can be used to ____________________________________ Bacteria can be used to ____________________________________for diabetics Provides a steady, inexpensive supply of insulin. _______________________ are common in agriculture transgenic bacteria ________________________________ plant ____________________________________ many crops are now ______________________________ (GMO) *Gives them traits like resistance to frost, diseases, insects *Increase crop yield – more food quickly and cheaply. *Increase nutrient levels in crops like rice. Transgenic animals are used to study __________________________________ Concerns about Genetic Engineering Possible ____________________________________ of eating GM foods – Allergies? Possible effects of GM plants on ______________________________ Lack of genetic diversity in transgenic plants could leave them vulnerable to new diseases or pests. Effects on natural plant pollinators like bees or butterflies. Cross-pollination between transgenic plants and natural plants. Cloning A clone is a _________________________________________________ of a gene or an organism Cloning occurs in nature ___________________ (binary fission) Some ______________ (from roots) Some simple ________________ (budding, regeneration) Cloning mammals Process called _______________________ Nucleus is ______________________________ cell Nucleus from a cell from the animal to be cloned is ____________________________ Pros/Cons of Cloning BENEFITS ____________________________ into humans Save __________________________________ CONCERNS _______________________ rate Clones “______________” and less healthy than original animal Decreased ___________________________ 9.5 & 9.6 Genomics and Gene Therapy _________________________: Is the study of genomes (all of an organisms DNA) This has provided a big step in understanding evolution. ____________________________________________: (2003) scientists mapped and sequenced all of the DNA from a few humans to figure out our common base pairs of the entire set of chromosomes. _____________________________: the replacement of a defective or missing gene, or the addition of a new gene into a persons genome to treat a disease. o This is a promising treatment option for inherited genetic disorders & certain types of cancers, but it is still in the experimental phase.