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Biology Vocabulary 5, test on Friday, 10/14/16
active transport - energy-requiring process by which substances move across the plasma membrane against a
concentration gradient
cell wall - in plants, the rigid barrier that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane, is made of
cellulose, and provides support and protection to the cell
centriole - organelle that plays a role in cell division and is made of microtubules
chloroplast - double-membrane organelle that captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy
through photosynthesis
cilium - short, hairlike projection that functions in cell movement
cytoplasm - semifluid material inside the cell's plasma membrane
cytoskeleton - supporting network of protein fibers that provide a framework for the cell within the
cytoplasm
diffusion - net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration
dynamic equilibrium - condition of continuous random movement of particles but no overall change in concentration
of materials
endoplasmic reticulum
highly folded membrane system in eukaryotic cells that is the site for protein and lipid synthesis
eukaryotic cell - a cell with membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; generally larger and more complex than a
prokaryotic cell
flagellum - long, tail-like projection with whiplike or propeller motion that helps a cell move
Golgi apparatus - flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles
and transports them to other organelles or out of the cell
hypertonic solution - a solution that has a higher concentration of solute outside than inside a cell, causing water to
leave the cell by osmosis
hypotonic solution - a solution that has a lower concentration of solute outside than inside the cell, causing water to
flow into the cell by osmosis
isotonic solution - a solution with the same concentration of water and solutes as inside a cell, resulting in the cell
retaining its normal shape because there is no net movement of water
mitochondrion
membrane-bound organelle that converts fuel into energy that is available to the rest of the
cell
nucleolus - the site of ribosome production within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
nucleus - in eukaryotic cells, the central membrane-bound organelle that manages cellular functions and
contains DNA
organelle - specialized internal cell structure that carries out specific cell functions such as protein
synthesis and energy transformation
plasma membrane - flexible, selectively permeable boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell
prokaryotic cell - a cell without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
ribosome - simple cell organelle that helps manufacture proteins
selective permeability
vacuole
-
property of the plasma membrane that allows it to control movement of substances into or out
of the cell
membrane-bound vesicle for temporary storage of materials such as food, enzymes and wastes
endocytosis - energy-requiring process by which large substances from the outside environment can enter a
cell
exocytosis - energy-requiring process by which a cell expels wastes and secretes substances at the plasma
membrane
facilitated diffusion - passive transport of ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane by transport
proteins
fluid mosaic model - a plasma membrane with components constantly in motion, sliding past one another within
the lipid bilayer
lysosome - vesicle that uses enzymes to digest excess or worn-out cellular substances
phospholipid bilayer - plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads
facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside
transport protein - protein that moves substances or wastes through the plasma membrane