Download Cell Structure and Function VOCABULARY active transport p

Gymnázium, Brno, Slovanské nám. 7, WORKBOOK - Biology
Topic 3: Cell Structure and Function
VOCABULARY
 active transport – energy-requiring process by which substances move across the
plasma membrane against a concentration gradient
 cell – basic unit structure and organization of all living organisms
 cell theory – states that (1) organisms are made of one or more cells; (2) cells are the
basic unit of life; and (3) all cells come only from other cells, passing copies of their
genetic material on their daughter cells
 cell wall – in plants, the rigid barrier that surrounds the outside of the plasma
membrane, is made of cellulose, and provides support and protection to the cell
 centriole – organelle that plays a role in cell division and is made of microtubules
 chloroplast – double-membrane organelle that captures light energy and converts it to
chemical energy through photosynthesis
 chlorophyll – green pigment
 cilium – short, hairlike projection that functions in cells movement
 cytoplasm – semifluid material inside the cell’s plasma membrane
 cytoskeleton – supporting network of protein fibres that provide a framework for the
cell within thy cytoplasm
 diffusion – net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area
of lower concentration
 dynamic equilibrium – condition of continues , random movement of particles but no
overall change in concentration of materials
 endocytosis – energy-requiring process by which large substances from the outside
environment can enter a cell
 endoplasmic reticulum – highly folded membrane system in eukaryotic cells that is
the site for ribosome attachment
 eukaryotic cell – unicellular organism with membrane-bound nucleus and organelles;
generally larger and more complex than a prokaryotic cell
 exocytosis – energy-requiring process by which a cell expels wastes and secretes
substances at the plasma membrane
 facilitated diffusion – passive transport of ions and small molecules across the plasma
membrane by transport proteins
 flagellum – long, tail-like projection with a whiplike motion that helps a cell move
through a watery environment
 fluid mosaic model – a plasma membrane with components constantly in motion,
sliding past one another within the lipid bilayer
 Golgi apparatus – flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies, sorts, and
packages proteins into vesicles and transports them to other organelles or out of the
cell
 hypertonic solution – a solution having a higher concentration of solute than inside a
cell, which shrinks or shrivels when water leaves the cell by osmosis
 hypotonic solution – solution that has a lower concentration of solute; more water
outside of the cell than inside the cell
 isotonic solution – a solution with the same concentration of water and solutes as
inside a cell, resulting in the cell retaining its normal shape because there is no net
movement of water
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Gymnázium, Brno, Slovanské nám. 7, WORKBOOK - Biology
 lysosome – vesicle that uses enzymes to digest excess or worn-out cellular substances
 mitochondrion – membrane-bound organelle that converts fuel into energy available
to the rest of the cell
 nucleolus – the site of ribosome production within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
 nucleus – in eukaryotic cells, the central membrane-bound organelle that manages
cellular functions and contains DNA
 organelle – specialized internal cell structure that carries out specific cell functions
such as protein synthesis and energy transformation
 osmosis – diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
 phospholipid bilayer – plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid
molecules arranged with polar heads facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the
inside
 plasma membrane – flexible, selectively permeable boundary that helps control what
enters and leaves the cell
 prokaryotic cell – microscopic, unicellular organism without a nucleus or other
membrane-bound organelles
 ribosome – simple cell organelle that helps manufacture proteins
 selective permeability – properly of the plasma membrane that allows it to control
movement of substances into or out of the cell
 stroma – a gel-like matrix in chloroplasts
 tonoplast – a membrane bounding vacuole
 transport protein – protein that moves substances or wastes through the plasma
membrane
 vacuole – membrane-bound vesicle for temporary storage of materials such as food,
enzymes, and wastes
 virus – nonliving strand of genetic material that cannot replicate on its own, has a
nucleic acid core, a protein coat, and can invade cells and alter cellular function
INVESTICE DO ROZVOJE VZDĚLÁVÁNÍ