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Biotechnology
-Modern biotechnology techniques whose goals are achieved by deleting, adding or replacing genes.
Biotechnology
-Is the alteration of an organism, its
cells or biological molecules (DNA) to
achieve specific industrial or medical
goals.
Genetic Engineering
-Modern biotechnology techniques
whose goals are achieved by
deleting, adding or replacing genes.
Featherless
chickens
Genetic Engineering/biotechnology is used to:
1. Produce genetically modify plants and animals by
inserting desirable genes from one organism into
the DNA of another organism.
-Make plants insect resistant
-Make plants salt resistant
-Tsunami Region
-Make glow in the dark mice and bacteria
Larger ears
and yields of
corn.
-Create glow in the dark organisms.
Glowing Cats
Bill Nye: Genetically modified organisms.
2. Produce medicines like insulin and human growth
hormone.
Insert the human gene for making these proteins
into a bacteria cell and have the bacteria “mass
produce” these much needed proteins for us.
3. Solve crimes
-Create a “DNA fingerprint”
-no two people have the exact same DNA
code so everyone’s DNA fingerprint is
different.
-can be used to link a person to a crime
scene.
4. Determine parentage.
-Who’s your daddy?
-Think Jerry Springer………..can
use a child’s DNA to link them to
who their real parents are.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Mom
Child 3
Child 1
Child 2
Dad Child 4
All forms of genetic engineering revolve around
the production of recombinant DNA and the use of
restriction enzymes.
Recombinant DNA:
A new DNA sequence created when the DNA
of one organism is inserted into the DNA
of another organism. This “new combination”
of DNA is known as recombinant DNA.
Restriction Enzymes:
-These are enzymes naturally
occurring in bacteria.
-The bacteria use these enzymes to
protect themselves from viruses
invading them.
-Restriction enzymes “cut up” the
DNA that the virus injects into the
bacteria so that the virus cannot be
reproduced.
There are 75 different known kinds of
restriction enzymes, all named after the
bacteria where they were obtained from.
Each restriction enzymes recognize and cuts
DNA at a specific sequence of 4 to 6 base
pairs.
Example: EcoRI……..restriction enzyme derived from
Ecoli bacteria
Recognition site: GAATTC- Cuts DNA between the G and the A
Creates “Sticky ends”
Other examples of restriction enzymes include:
Using restriction enzymes to create “recombinant
DNA”: Making Humalin (human insulin made by bacteria)
•1. Locate desirable gene. Gene for human insulin is
located on chromosome #12.
•2. Add restriction enzyme EcoRI to cut out this desirable
gene.
-EcoRI ‘s recognition site:
GAATTC
Cuts DNA between the G and the A
•3. Add same restriction enzyme to plasmid of bacteria.
•4. Create complementary sticky ends.
•5. Allow bacteria to use its sex pili to pick up desirable
gene from its environment.
•6. Add DNA ligase to bond complementary sticky ends
together creating recombinant DNA.
•7. Allow bacteria to reproduce asexually creating many
copies of the recombinant DNA.
Simplified
Explanation
video
Creating a DNA fingerprint:
•1. Collect DNA from any cell on a person’s body.
•2. Add restriction enzyme to the DNA.
•3. Restriction enzyme “cuts” the DNA into many pieces every time it
recognizes its specific recognition site.
•4. Place DNA sample into the gel electrophoresis
apparatus.
•5. One end of apparatus is negative and the other is positive
(like a battery). DNA is negative.
•6. Turn on electricity.
•7. DNA which is negative is picked up by current and carried towards
the positive end of the apparatus because opposites attract.
•8. The different size DNA fragments travel different distances. The
largest fragments move the least distance and the shorter
fragments move the most.
•9. A dye is added and a banding pattern is revealed. This banding
pattern is unique to everyone and is called a DNA fingerprint.
Video
DNA fingerprint used to solve a crime:
DNA fingerprint to prove parentage:
$75-$100
$50-$75
Twigg v. Mays
Plaintiff
Ernest and Regina Twigg
Defendant
Robert Mays
Plaintiff's Claim
That the parental rights held by the Twiggs compelled that they be granted custody of 14year-old Kimberley Mays who was switched at birth with another newborn.
Chief Lawyer for Plaintiff
John Blakely
Chief Defense Lawyers
George Russ, David Denkin (guardian ad litem)
Judge
Stephen Dakan
Place
Sarasota County, Florida
Date of Decision
18 August 1993
Decision
Ruled in favor of Mays, by terminating the Twiggs' legal rights to Kimberly and clearing the
way for Robert Mays to adopt her.
Missing Children video