Download Genetics and Genetic Engineering

Genetics and Genetic
Engineering
terms
agar- porous gelatin like
material used as a support
matrix for living cells in
artificial environments
centrifuge
device for separating
substances on the basis of
density
clones
organisms or cells of nearly
identical genetic makeup
derived from a single source
complementary
containing structures that
match or bond with related
structures
electrophoresis
technique used to separate
migrating molecules in an
electrical field
Excise
to remove a part by a
process similar to cutting
Expression
the appearance of a trait
directed by a gene
Genetic code
a series of three nucleotide
bases that determine the
amino acid order and the
proteins formed in cell
reproduction
Genetic Engineering
technology involved in
removing, modifying, or
adding genes to a DNA
molecule
Genetics
science dealing with
passage of traits from one
generation to another
Host
a cell or organism that
harbors another organism or
DNA from a foreign source
Hybrid
offspring or cell originating
from parents with differing
genetic makeup
Ligase
enzyme used to join two
pieces of DNA
Molecular weight
sum of the atomic weights of
all the atoms in a molecule
Mutation
a heritable change in
genetic makeup
Nucleotides
building blocks of nucleic
acid composed of a sugar, a
phosphate and a
nitrogenous base
Plasmid
a small, usually circular,
piece of DNA that is separate
from the chromosomal DNA
Polymerase
an enzyme that joins
nucleotides to make nucleic
acid
Recombinant DNA
DNA that has been altered by
genetic engineering
Restriction enzyme
restriction endonuclease
enzyme that cuts DNA
strands at specific sites
sequence
order of nucleotides or
amino acids
template
a pattern used for
developing a
complementary structure
trait
a characteristic resulting
from gene expression
transform
to change the genetic
makeup of an organism by
alteration of the DNA
vector
an agent such as a plasmid
used to transfer DNA into a
host cell
Living material
Organism - unit of living
matter capable of
independent function and
reproduction
Complex Organism
higher organism
an organism with cells,
tissues, and organs
arranged to function as a
single unit
ex. Plants, animals, humans
Organ
arrangement of tissues
which provides life support
function for an organism
leaf is an organ that carries
out respiration,
transpiration and ps.
Tissue
arrangement of cells with
similar structures in
clusters or sheets for
specific function in an organ
Cell
smallest structural unit of
living matter that is capable
of carrying out basic life
processes
Basic Cell structures
cell wall - protective layer in
plants that keeps the cell
intact
cell membrane
delicate structure that
surrounds the cell
chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis in
plant cells
contain some DNA
Cytoplasm
cell fluid containing all cell
structures
Nucleus
control center of a cell
contains most of the DNA
Chromosomes
structures that are physical
carriers of genes
made p of DNA
are located in cell nucleus
Mitochondria
energy producing
structures in the cell
cytoplasm
contain some DNA
Plasmid
extra chromosomal piece of
DNA
located in the cell
cytoplasm
Ribosome
site where new proteins are
produced
result of genetic expression
Cell reproduction
mitosis - occurs in body
(somatic) cells
increases by simple division
chromosomes remain
paired during cell division
meiosis
occurs in reproductive cells
(gametes)
meiosis
increases by division into
single chromosomes and
recombination of male and
female cells to form a new
individual
meiosis
one chromosome from each
parent forms the new pair
each organism has a
specific number of paired
chromosomes
Genetic engineering
technology involved in
removing, modifying, or
adding genes to a DNA
molecule
Genetic engineering
movement of a gene from
one organism to another
Other names
recombinant DNA
technology
recombinant DNA science
gene transfer
gene splicing gene
cloning
Naturally occurring
alternations in the genetic
makeup of plants and
animals allow them to
respond to changes in their
environment
Naturally occurring
some bacteria and viruses
change the function of cells
by inserting their DNA into
the DNA of the cell
Naturally occurring
natural selection ensures
that the adapted individual
leaves offspring for the next
generation
Scientific Gen eng.
Scientists have developed
the ability to transfer
genetic material from one
organism to another
Scientific Gen eng.
Plasmids found in some
organisms can be
engineered to accept DNA
from other sources
Scientific Gen eng.
Restriction enzymes are
used to cut the DNA at
specific sites
cut ends of plasmid rings
can accept pieces of DNA
from other organisms
Scientific Gen eng.
The ability to cut and splice
DNA segments is providing
many opportunities for
changing the function of
organisms