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Transcript
Robert Hooke 1665 English monk Looked at a thin slice of cork and looked at it with a homemade microscope Had no organelles Named the cell Robert Hooke Cork Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 1675 Dutch Lens maker Used a simple microscope and looked at pond water Named these “animacules” 1st to see living cells Anton Van Leeuwenhoek “animicules” Matthias Schleiden 1838 German botanist All plants are made up of cells Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann 1839 German zoologist All animals are made up of cells Theodor Schwann Rudolf Virchow 1855 German physician Studied how disease affects living things Learned that cells come only from other cells Rudolf Virchow Cell Theory All living things are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism. Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes No No nucleus Nucleus Many membrane organelles bound All cells other organelles than bacteria Only bacteria Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Plasma Membrane Limited to surface area to volume ratio Selectively Permeable Made up of lipid phospholipids ○ hydrophilic “head” ○ hydrophobic “tail” ○ Makes up bilayer cholesterol Carbohydrates Plasma Membrane cont Protein Peripheral ○ attached to the outside of plasma membrane ○ A.k.a. Marker Proteins and Receptor Proteins Integral ○ at least some portion of their structure within the lipid bilayer ○ A.k.a. Channel Proteins Fluid Mosaic Model Membrane Functions Physical barrier Contains receptors Regulates materials in and out of the cell Passive transport - kinetic energy Active transport - requires ATP Intracellular Environment Cytoplasm Gel-like substance found between the cell membrane and nuclear membrane Contains organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum - Pathways Golgi apparatus - Prepares and packages cellular products for exocytosis Mitochondria - Cellular respiration (ATP) Lysosomes - Enzymes that break down material What is the difference between smooth and rough ER?? Smooth- No Ribosomes attached. Functions include lipid and carbohydrate synthesis Rough- Ribosomes are attached. Functions include manufacturing of membranes and proteins that will be exported from the cell ER/Golgi Body Comparison Mitochondria – Protein synthesis Peroxisomes – Detoxification Vacuoles – Stores food and waste Cytoskeleton – Protein strands that provide support Ribosomes Microfilaments and Microtubules Ribosomes Peroxisomes Cytoskeleton Cilia and Flagella Hairlike organelles found on the surface of the cell Assist in movement Flagella – whip Cilia – small hairs Flagella Cilia Nucleus Nuclear membrane Nucleoli - Site of RNA synthesis Chromatin Nucleus Chromatin Plant cells All the same organelles as animals Cell wall – Supports and protects cells Vacuoles – Stores enzymes and waste. Very large in plant cells Plastids – Makes food (includes chloroplast) Vacuole (#2) Plastid Passive Transport Passive transport Movement w/o input of energy. Active transport Requires input of energy. Types Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion Ion Pumps Passive Transport Diffusion Movement from greater to lesser concentration Movement will continue until there is an equilibrium Equilibrium= even throughout. Diffusion Osmosis diffusion of water across a membrane. isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions Isotonic The concentration is the same inside and outside the cell Water flows both directions Hypotonic Solution Concentration of solute is greater in the cell Water moves into the cell Pressure in plant cell is called turgor pressure Can cause cytolysis Bursting of cells Cytolysis Hypertonic Concentration of solute is greater out of the cell Water moves out of the cell Cells shrink in size Causes plasmolysis Loss of turgor pressure (wilting) Plasmolysis and Turgor Pressure ○ In hypertonic environment, water leaves cell and cell membrane shrinks away from cell wall ○ Turgor pressure is lost – plasmolysis ○ Plants wilt if not watered due to plasmolysis Cytolysis vs. Plasmolysis Isotonic Isotonic: concentration s are equal on both sides of membrane. Diffusion in and out at the same rate. Passive Transport Facilitated Diffusion ○ integral proteins helping larger proteins ○ often referred to as carrier proteins How it works Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl- ions not soluble in lipids Can’t diffuse across lipid bilayer w/o assistance Ion channels Small passageways Specific to a particular ion Some always open; some open and close Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Materials move up a concentration gradient, rather than against. Low concentration to high concentration. Requires energy. Active Transport Endocytosis- Brings large particles into the cell. (2 types) Phagocytosis- large particles like dead cells. Pinocytosis- liquid Endocytosis Phagocytosis Many unicellular organisms feed this way. Lymphocytes: white blood cells that inject intruders such as viruses and bacteria. Phagocytosis “Cellular Eating” Pinocytosis “Cellular drinking” Exocytosis Exocytosis Sodium-Potassium Pumps Transport Na+ and K+ ions Under physiological conditions - 3 Na+ outward and 2 K+ inward for each molecule of ATP Sodium-Potassium Pumps Binding sites for Na+ and ATP on its intracellular surface Binding sites for K+ on its extracellular surface Active Transport For normal intracellular Na+ concentration, the pump rate is limited by the availability of internal Na+ Increased intracellular Na+ concentration increases pump transport activities Sodium-Potassium Pumps More terms to know Concentration gradient Equilibrium Contractile vacuoles Vesicles Cilia Small hairs that assist in the movement of the cell Cilia of the lungs Flagella Whip like structure that assists the cell in movement – Protein strands that provide support Cytoskeleton Microfilaments and Microtubules Prokaryotes Bacteria are all prokaryotes All plant and animal cells are eukaryotes (they have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles) Semi Permeable Membrane The cell membrane is semi permeableIt allows certain materials to pass into the cell and keeps others out REMINDER!!! Active Transport Cont. Exocytosis - Releasing large particle Secretions of hormones , or digestive enzymes Vesicles fuse with cell membrane.