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WHAT IS HEALTH SCIENCE?
• AN APPLIED SCIENCE THAT ADDRESSES THE USE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING
AND MATHEMATICS IN THE DELIVERY OF HEALTHCARE.
• BIG IDEA = THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT FIELDS OF STUDY AND CAREERS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
HEALTH SCIENCE
WWW.PETLAKHEATLHSCIENCE20.WIKISPACES.COM
UNIT 1 - NUTRITION
HEALTH SCIENCE 20
OUTCOME(S): HS20-NU1 – ASSESS THE IMPORTANCE OF MICRO AND
MACROMOLECULES IN MAINTAINING A HEALTHY HUMAN.
BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS (E.G. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE).
• WATER IS NEEDED BY ALL LIVING THINGS. FORMULA = H2O
• SLIGHTLY POLAR (DUE TO OXYGEN-HYDROGEN BONDING) – MANY SUBSTANCES DISSOLVE INTO
IT (LIKE SUGARS AND PROTEINS)
• POLARITY GIVES IT EFFECTS OF ADHESION (OTHER SURFACES) AND COHESION (ITSELF) CAPILLARITY
• NEEDS TO ABSORB A LOT OF ENERGY TO CHANGE TEMPERATURE (KEEPS WATER INSIDE OF CELLS IN
THE BODY SAFE).
MACROMOLECULES
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS (E.G. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE).
• FOUR MAJOR MACROMOLECULES FOR ALL LIVING THINGS… TO LIVE.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTAINING CARBON)
• WHAT DOES MACRO MEAN?
LARGE
• 1. CARBOHYDRATES
2. LIPIDS
3. PROTEINS
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
• MACROMOLECULES ARE COMPOSED OF LARGER NUMBERS OF ATOMS AND IS TYPICALLY USED
INTERCHANGEABLY WITH THE TERM “POLYMER”. WATER WOULD BE CONSIDERED A MICROMOLECULE.
MONOMERS VS POLYMERS
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS (E.G. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE).
• MONOMER – A SINGLE (MONO) MOLECULAR UNIT THAT CAN COMBINE WITH OTHERS TO
CREATE LARGER MOLECULES/CHAINS. (NOTE: MONOMERS CAN STILL BE LARGER MOLECULES).
• POLYMER – A SERIES OF MONOMERS BONDED TOGETHER THROUGH DEHYDRATION
SYNTHESIS.
• LINKING OF MONOMERS IS CALLED POLYMERIZATION.
MONOMERS/POLYMERS
Macromolecule
Monomer
Polymer
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Lipids
Fatty acids
N/A
Protein
Amino acids
Polypeptides
CREATION OF MACROMOLECULES
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS (E.G. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE).
• CONDENSATION REACTIONS AND DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
REMOVAL OF WATER TO FORM A NEW BOND
• HYDROLYSIS AND DECOMPOSITION REACTION
ADDING OF WATER TO BREAK A BOND (BREAKING DOWN POLYMERS)
AND RELEASE ENERGY WITH THE HELP OF ENZYMES.
• DURING THE FORMATION OF THE SUGAR SUCROSE, WHICH IS TABLE
SUGAR, GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE COMBINE. IN THE CHEMICAL
REACTION THE GLUCOSE MOLECULE RELEASES A HYDROXIDE ION, OH-,
AND THE FRUCTOSE MOLECULE RELEASES A HYDROGEN ION, H+. THE
OH- AND H+ IONS THAT ARE RELEASED COMBINE TO PRODUCE A WATER
MOLECULE = CONDENSATION REACTION.
CARBOHYDRATES
INDICATOR: EXAMINE THE ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATES (MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES,
AND POLYSACCHARIDES) AS BEING THE MAIN SOURCE OF SHORT TERM ENERGY.
• PRIMARY SHORT-TERM ENERGY SOURCE AND STORAGE FOR HUMANS – HOW? INSULIN AND EASY BOND-BREAKING
THREE FORMS OF CARBS ARE MONO-, DI-, AND POLY-SACCHARIDES
• MONOMER = MONOSACCHARIDE (GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE)
ISOMERS - ALL OF THESE HAVE THE SAME FORMULA, DIFFERENT STRUCTURE
CHEMICAL FORMULAS ARE MULTIPLES OF CH2O, COMPOSED OF THE ELEMENTS CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN
• TWO MONOMERS = DISACCHARIDES (SUCROSE – TABLE SUGAR OR LACTOSE)
• POLYMER = POLYSACCHARIDES – STARCH (BREAD, PASTA), CELLULOSE (PLANT CELL WALLS), GLYCOGEN (QUICK ENERGY –
HUNDREDS OF GLUCOSE BONDED TOGETHER)
LIPIDS – CELL MEMBRANES AND HORMONE SYNTHESIS
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF LIPIDS (E.G. SATURATED, UNSATURATED, TRANS FATS) IN
PROCESSES SUCH AS LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE, SUPPORTING VITAMIN ABSORPTION, CREATING CELL
MEMBRANES, SYNTHESIZING HORMONES AND HDL VS LDL.
• LIPIDS – COMPOSED OF THEIR MONOMER FATTY ACIDS THAT DON’T MIX WITH WATER –
HYDROPHOBIC – LARGE AND NONPOLAR – THIS ALLOWS IT TO STORE/TRANSPORT
NONPOLAR NUTRIENTS!
• LIPID MOLECULES HAVE A HIGHER RATIO OF CARBON AND HYDROGEN ATOMS TO OXYGEN
ATOMS THAN CARBOHYDRATES HAVE. MORE C,H THAN O
• LIPIDS STORE ENERGY EFFICIENTLY. THEY HAVE LARGE NUMBERS OF CARBON-HYDROGEN
BONDS, WHICH STORE MORE ENERGY THAN CARBON-OXYGEN BONDS COMMON IN OTHER
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.
• LIPIDS (FATS) FUNCTIONS - LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE (HELD IN THE BONDS), VITAMIN
ABSORPTION, CELL MEMBRANES, HORMONE SYNTHESIS
LIPIDS
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF LIPIDS (E.G. SATURATED, UNSATURATED, TRANS
FATS) IN PROCESSES SUCH AS LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE, SUPPORTING VITAMIN
ABSORPTION, CREATING CELL MEMBRANES, SYNTHESIZING HORMONES AND HDL VS LDL.
TYPES OF LIPIDS
• SATURATED – HAVE NO DOUBLE BONDS – SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE -
• UNSATURATED – HAVE DOUBLE BONDS – LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
• TRANS FATS – A TYPE OF SYNTHETIC UNSATURATED FATTY ACID – RAISING LDL, LOWERING HDL
• FATTY ACID-BASED LIPIDS – TRIGLYCERIDES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, WAX
• STEROIDS - RINGS – CHOLESTEROL, TESTOSTERONE
LIPIDS
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF LIPIDS (E.G. SATURATED, UNSATURATED, TRANS
FATS) IN PROCESSES SUCH AS LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE, SUPPORTING VITAMIN
ABSORPTION, CREATING CELL MEMBRANES, SYNTHESIZING HORMONES AND HDL VS LDL.
• LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE – LIPOCYTES, FOUND IN ADIPOSE TISSUES, HOLD FAT:
WHITE FAT, WHAT WE TRY TO LOSE, AND BROWN FAT, BABY FAT THAT
GENERATES/INSULATES HEAT.
• VITAMIN ABSORPTION – SOME VITAMINS DISSOLVE IN “POLAR” WATER (NEED TO BE
REPLENISHED MORE FREQUENTLY), THE REST CAN DISSOLVE INTO NONPOLAR LIPIDS AND
BE TRANSPORTED THROUGHOUT THE BODY (LAST LONGER AS THEY ARE STORED IN FAT)!
• CHOLESTEROL – HOUSED IN HDL AND LDL, HIGH-DENSITY AND LOW-DENSITY
LIPOPROTEINS – USED FOR DEVELOPMENT OF STEROID HORMONES AND FOR CELL
MEMBRANES.
• CELL MEMBRANES – PROTECT CELLS
• HORMONES - STEROID HORMONES HELP CONTROL METABOLISM, INFLAMMATION,
IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTION, SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND OUR BODY’S SALT-WATER
BALANCE.
QUIZ QUESTIONS
WHAT ARE THE FOUR MACROMOLECULES?
• WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP CARBOHYDRATES?
• WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES?
• WHAT ARE THE MONOMERS OF CARBOHYDRATES? PROVIDE THE TERM AND AN EXAMPLE
• WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES FOUND IN (FOODS)? BREAD!
• WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP LIPIDS?
• WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF LIPIDS (LIST 2)?
• WHAT ARE THE MONOMERS OF LIPIDS?
PROTEIN
INDICATOR: DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PROTEIN IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES,
HEMOGLOBIN AND INSULIN, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE.
• PROTEINS ARE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS COMPOSED MAINLY OF
CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND NITROGEN (AND SOME OXYGEN). C, H, O, N
• PROTEINS ARE THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR BODY PARTS SUCH
AS MUSCLES, SKIN, AND BLOOD. FUNCTION
PROTEINS ARE MADE UP OF SMALLER UNITS CALLED AMINO ACIDS
(RIGHT), THE MONOMER BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEIN.
• OUR BODIES CONTAIN THOUSANDS OF DIFFERENT PROTEINS. ALL THESE
PROTEINS ARE MADE FROM ABOUT 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS. AND
HUMANS CAN ONLY MAKE 10 OF THESE 20.
• AMINO ACIDS DIFFER ONLY IN THE TYPE OF R GROUP THEY CARRY. THE
DIFFERENCE AMONG THE AMINO ACID R GROUPS GIVES DIFFERENT
PROTEINS VERY DIFFERENT SHAPES.
PROTEIN
INDICATOR: DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PROTEIN IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES, HEMOGLOBIN AND
INSULIN, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE.
• THE DIFFERENT SHAPES ALLOW PROTEINS TO PERFORM MANY
DIFFERENT ROLES IN THE CHEMISTRY OF LIVING THINGS.
• TWO AMINO ACIDS BOND TO FORM A DIPEPTIDE, DURING A
CONDENSATION REACTION, TWO AMINO ACIDS FORM A COVALENT
BOND, CALLED A PEPTIDE BOND.
• AMINO ACIDS CAN BOND TO EACH OTHER ONE AT A TIME, FORMING
A LONG CHAIN CALLED A POLYPEPTIDE.
• PROTEINS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE POLYPEPTIDES. SOME
PROTEINS ARE VERY LARGE MOLECULES, CONTAINING HUNDREDS OF
AMINO ACIDS.
• AMINO ACID  PEPTIDE/DIPEPTIDES  POLYPEPTIDES
PROTEIN
INDICATOR: DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PROTEIN IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES, HEMOGLOBIN AND
INSULIN, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE.
FUNCTIONS
• ANTIBODIES – GLOBULAR PROTEINS WITH SUGARS ATTACHED TO AMINO
ACID CHAINS – THEY IDENTIFY FOREIGN MACROMOLECULES AND BIND TO
THEM, EVENTUALLY DESTROYING THEM
• HEMOGLOBIN – A PROTEIN IN RED BLOOD CELLS THAT HOLD OXYGEN
• INSULIN – A PROTEIN REGULATES METABOLISM (ENERGY UPTAKE)
• STRUCTURAL SUPPORT – PROTEINS MAKE UP MOST STRUCTURES IN THE BODY
• BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE – MUSCLE TISSUE IS BUILT FROM
AMINO ACIDS, WHEN MUSCLES UNDERGO STRESS/DAMAGE, THEY NEED TO
BE REPAIRED.
LAB – BUILDING MACROMOLECULES
• YOU MAY WORK IN PARTNERS AT YOUR OWN PACE OR FOLLOW ALONG WITH INSTRUCTOR
• CORRECT AS CLASS – SELF-ASSESS – SUBMIT MARK
COMPLETE THE CHART
Compound
Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Elements
Monomer(s)
Function
Example
ENZYMES
INDICATOR: EXAMINE THE ROLE OF ENZYMES (E.G. AMYLASE, PEPSIN, BILE, LIPASE, PROTEASE) AS
CATALYSTS IN CHEMICAL DIGESTION.
• ENZYMES ARE MADE OF PROTEIN
• ENZYMES ARE CATALYSTS (THEY FACILITATE
REACTIONS BY LOWERING ACTIVATION ENERGY)
• THEY FIT WITH CERTAIN MACROMOLECULES TO
BREAK THEM DOWN.
Amylase
Found in saliva/pancreas - catalyses hydrolysis of starch into
sugars. High levels = acute pancreatitis
Pepsin
Breaks down food proteins into peptides – found in stomach
Bile
Breaks down lipids in the small intestine
Protease
Breaks down peptides into amino acids. Produced by pancreas –
but activated in the intestine.
Lipase
Breaks down lipids. High levels = acute pancreatitis (Pancreas,
mouth, and stomach)
QUIZ
• MATCHING ENZYMES WITH WHERE THEY ARE FOUND AND THEIR FUNCTION. (5)
• TWO FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS (2)
• WHAT ELEMENTS MAKE UP PROTEINS? WHAT IS THEIR MONOMER? (2)
• WHAT DO ENZYMES DO? WHAT ARE THEY MADE OF? (2)
HOMEOSTASIS
INDICATOR: RECOGNIZE ISSUES (E.G. HYPO/HYPERGLYCEMIA, HIGH/LOW CHOLESTEROL, DENATURATION OF
PROTEINS) THAT MAY ARISE WHEN MACROMOLECULES DISRUPT HOMEOSTASIS.
• HOMEOSTASIS = BALANCE
• HOW DO MACROMOLECULES DISRUPT HOMEOSTASIS? TOO MUCH OR NOT ENOUGH FOR THE BODY TO
ADAPT TO! THAT’S WHY YOU NEED A BALANCED DIET!
• GLYCEMIA = LEVELS OF GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD (HYPO – LOW, HYPER – HIGH)
HYPO  DIZZINESS, CONFUSION, WEAKNESS
HYPER  INCREASED THIRST AND URINATION
• HIGH CHOLESTEROL  CAN INCREASE RISK OF HEART DISEASE AND CIRCULATORY PROBLEMS
LOW CHOLESTEROL  CAN INCREASE RISK OF CANCER, DEPRESSION
• DENATURATION OF PROTEINS – MORPHS A PROTEIN STRUCTURE NORMALLY BENT STRUCTURES BUT NOT
ENOUGH TO BREAK DOWN THE PROTEIN - DISRUPTION TO HYDROGEN BONDS ARE CAUSED BY ALCOHOLS,
ACIDS & BASES, AND HEAVY METAL SALTS.
(THAT’S WHY WE USE SOME OF THESE TO CLEAN GERMS – THEY DAMAGE THEIR PROTEINS!)
MICRONUTRIENTS
EXPLAIN HOW MICRONUTRIENTS (E.G., VITAMINS A, B, D, C, E, K, AND IRON, CALCIUM, PHOSPHOROUS)
ARE NECESSARY FOR HEALTH. (K)
Micronutrient
Vitamin A (fat soluble)
Vitamin B (water soluble)
Vitamin C (water soluble)
Vitamin D (fat soluble)
Vitamin E (fat soluble)
Vitamin K (fat soluble)
Iron
Calcium
Phosphorous
Function
SOURCES OF MACRO/MICRONUTRIENTS
IDENTIFY WHICH MACRONUTRIENTS AND MICRONUTRIENTS ARE FOUND IN COMMON FOOD GROUPS (I.E.,
GRAINS, MILK AND ALTERNATIVES, MEAT AND ALTERNATIVES, VEGETABLES AND FRUITS, AND FATS AND
OILS). (K)
Micronutrient/Macronutrient
Food Source
PEOPLE MAKING NUTRITION CONTRIBUTIONS
INVESTIGATE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF PEOPLE (E.G., JUSTUS VON LIEBIG, ANTOINE-LAURENT LAVOISIER,
CLAUDE BERNARD, AND EMIL FISCHER) IN ADVANCING SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF NUTRITION. (STSE)
USE YOUR PHONE!
• JUSTUS VON LIEBIG
• ANTOINE-LAURENT LAVOISIER
• CLAUDE BERNARD
• EMIL FISCHER