Solutions to 7.014 Problem Set 1
... differ from what is found today. Prebiotic earth had an atmosphere that lacked oxygen, but was rich in H2, N2, CO2, H2O, and sulfurous gases. In the absence of O2 and O3, the UV light penetrated in far greater strength than it does now. Today, we have an atmosphere rich in oxygen and an ozone that p ...
... differ from what is found today. Prebiotic earth had an atmosphere that lacked oxygen, but was rich in H2, N2, CO2, H2O, and sulfurous gases. In the absence of O2 and O3, the UV light penetrated in far greater strength than it does now. Today, we have an atmosphere rich in oxygen and an ozone that p ...
7.013 Spring 2005 Problem Set 1Solutions
... receptors in the cell membrane. Upon dimerization, the intracellular domains of the receptors become activated. See schematic below. ...
... receptors in the cell membrane. Upon dimerization, the intracellular domains of the receptors become activated. See schematic below. ...
Synthesis of Heme
... Fe++ is added to protoporphyrin IX via Ferrocheletase, a homodimeric enzyme containing 2 iron-sulfur clusters. A conserved active site His, along with a chain of anionic residues, may conduct released protons away, as Fe++ binds from the other side of the porphyrin ring, to yield heme. ...
... Fe++ is added to protoporphyrin IX via Ferrocheletase, a homodimeric enzyme containing 2 iron-sulfur clusters. A conserved active site His, along with a chain of anionic residues, may conduct released protons away, as Fe++ binds from the other side of the porphyrin ring, to yield heme. ...
Safety Assessment of Palmitoyl Oligopeptides as Used in Cosmetics
... the thinning of aging skin occurs at a rate of approximately 6% every 10 years. Palmitoyl Oligopeptide and Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 The peptides palmitoyl oligopeptide and palmitoyl pentapeptide-3, both modeled on repair signaling sequences, have been developed as cosmetic ingredients that enhance s ...
... the thinning of aging skin occurs at a rate of approximately 6% every 10 years. Palmitoyl Oligopeptide and Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 The peptides palmitoyl oligopeptide and palmitoyl pentapeptide-3, both modeled on repair signaling sequences, have been developed as cosmetic ingredients that enhance s ...
Identification and first characterization of pairing
... which acts on adult worms, but not on juvenile stages (reviewed in: Doenhoff et al., 2009; Greenberg & , 2005; Cioli & Pica-Mattoccia, 2003). Also first evidence exists for reduced PZQ effects in patients and from laboratory studies justifying the fear of upcoming resistance against this drug (Doenh ...
... which acts on adult worms, but not on juvenile stages (reviewed in: Doenhoff et al., 2009; Greenberg & , 2005; Cioli & Pica-Mattoccia, 2003). Also first evidence exists for reduced PZQ effects in patients and from laboratory studies justifying the fear of upcoming resistance against this drug (Doenh ...
A plant vacuolar system : the lutoïds from Hevea brasiliensis latex
... CRËTIN,1982 b; CRÉTIN,unpublished results). In addition to an ATPase system, the lutoidic membrane also has a redox system. MOREAU et al. (1975) were able to demonstrate the presence, on this membrane, of a NADH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase insensitive to antimycin and therefore different from the mi ...
... CRËTIN,1982 b; CRÉTIN,unpublished results). In addition to an ATPase system, the lutoidic membrane also has a redox system. MOREAU et al. (1975) were able to demonstrate the presence, on this membrane, of a NADH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase insensitive to antimycin and therefore different from the mi ...
Bettendorff L, Wins P. Biological functions of thiamine
... In many instances, beneficial and probiotic effects of thiamine (and/or pharmaceutical preparations of thiamine precursors with higher bioavailability) have been demonstrated. In these cases, we are most likely dealing with pharmacological effects as therapeutic (superphysiological) doses were used. ...
... In many instances, beneficial and probiotic effects of thiamine (and/or pharmaceutical preparations of thiamine precursors with higher bioavailability) have been demonstrated. In these cases, we are most likely dealing with pharmacological effects as therapeutic (superphysiological) doses were used. ...
Polynucleotide Phosphorylase and Mitochondrial
... enzymes do not directly reduce AsV to AsIII, but rather they convert AsV into an arsenylated metabolite (i.e., an AsV ester or anhydride), in which the pentavalent arsenic is much more reducible by thiol compounds than in the inorganic form (Gregus et al., 2009; Németi and Gregus, 2009b). Isolated ...
... enzymes do not directly reduce AsV to AsIII, but rather they convert AsV into an arsenylated metabolite (i.e., an AsV ester or anhydride), in which the pentavalent arsenic is much more reducible by thiol compounds than in the inorganic form (Gregus et al., 2009; Németi and Gregus, 2009b). Isolated ...
Elucidation and Modulation of CEB Metabolism in Fischer 344 Rats
... activity towards some xenobiotic. The liver receives blood from the splanchnic area which contains not only nutrients but various foreign substances, or xenobiotics, as well. These compounds are metabolized by the liver prior to release into the systemic circulation. Other tissues involved in biotra ...
... activity towards some xenobiotic. The liver receives blood from the splanchnic area which contains not only nutrients but various foreign substances, or xenobiotics, as well. These compounds are metabolized by the liver prior to release into the systemic circulation. Other tissues involved in biotra ...
Characterization of Agouti-Related Protein
... thought to play an important role in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior. The exact mechanism of AGRP and Agouti protein action has been difficult to examine, in part because of difficulties in producing homogeneous forms of these molecules that can be used for direct binding assays. In thi ...
... thought to play an important role in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior. The exact mechanism of AGRP and Agouti protein action has been difficult to examine, in part because of difficulties in producing homogeneous forms of these molecules that can be used for direct binding assays. In thi ...
rapid acting insulin analogues - The Association of Physicians of India
... shown. The duration will vary widely both between and within persons. ...
... shown. The duration will vary widely both between and within persons. ...
Serotonin - Meridian Kinesiology
... Cardiovascular System Excessive circulating Serotonin can increase Blood Pressure, leading to Hypertension. Excessive circulating Serotonin can constrict the Blood Vessels. Nervous System Excessive activity of Serotonin on 5-HT3 (Serotonin) Receptors located on various Cholinergic Neurons may cause ...
... Cardiovascular System Excessive circulating Serotonin can increase Blood Pressure, leading to Hypertension. Excessive circulating Serotonin can constrict the Blood Vessels. Nervous System Excessive activity of Serotonin on 5-HT3 (Serotonin) Receptors located on various Cholinergic Neurons may cause ...
Purification and Characterization of Chorismate
... be removed by gel filtration and it was lost during ammonium sulfate precipitation. Chorismate synthase activity eluted at a conductivity of 9.7 msiemens/cm from DEAE-Sepharose, well separated from the bulk protein. Fractions containing chorismate synthase activity could then be applied directly to ...
... be removed by gel filtration and it was lost during ammonium sulfate precipitation. Chorismate synthase activity eluted at a conductivity of 9.7 msiemens/cm from DEAE-Sepharose, well separated from the bulk protein. Fractions containing chorismate synthase activity could then be applied directly to ...
CYP 2D6 Polymorphism
... CYP3A induction leads to an increased metabolism of the administered substance due to upregulated enzymes. This can cause adverse reactions, like inflammation of the liver (hepatitis). ...
... CYP3A induction leads to an increased metabolism of the administered substance due to upregulated enzymes. This can cause adverse reactions, like inflammation of the liver (hepatitis). ...
Cytochrome P450 and Polymorphism - uni
... CYP3A induction leads to an increased metabolism of the administered substance due to upregulated enzymes. This can cause adverse reactions, like inflammation of the liver (hepatitis). ...
... CYP3A induction leads to an increased metabolism of the administered substance due to upregulated enzymes. This can cause adverse reactions, like inflammation of the liver (hepatitis). ...
The Bacterial Toxin RelE Displays Codon
... At a RelE concentration four times less than the concentration of ribosomes that were competent in dipeptide formation (Zavialov et al., 2001; Experimental Procedures), peptide synthesis from the mRNA with UAG as stop codon was completely blocked by the toxin. With twenty times less RelE than active ...
... At a RelE concentration four times less than the concentration of ribosomes that were competent in dipeptide formation (Zavialov et al., 2001; Experimental Procedures), peptide synthesis from the mRNA with UAG as stop codon was completely blocked by the toxin. With twenty times less RelE than active ...
REGULATION OF CYTOCHROME P450 BY
... sequencing of entire genomes, researchers have identified and continue to discover many P450 enzymes in a wide variety of organisms. In order to systematically identify and categorize this growing family of enzymes, a leading group of researchers in the field established the current system of nomenc ...
... sequencing of entire genomes, researchers have identified and continue to discover many P450 enzymes in a wide variety of organisms. In order to systematically identify and categorize this growing family of enzymes, a leading group of researchers in the field established the current system of nomenc ...
Ch23-Oxidation of Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
... bonds during -oxidation. Metabolism of water-soluble medium-chain-length fatty acids does not require carnitine and occurs only in liver. Odd-chain-length fatty acids undergo -oxidation to the terminal three-carbon propionyl CoA, which enters the TCA cycle as succinyl CoA. Fatty acids that do not ...
... bonds during -oxidation. Metabolism of water-soluble medium-chain-length fatty acids does not require carnitine and occurs only in liver. Odd-chain-length fatty acids undergo -oxidation to the terminal three-carbon propionyl CoA, which enters the TCA cycle as succinyl CoA. Fatty acids that do not ...
Understanding the Regulation of Metabolic Enzyme Acetylation in E
... Global protein acetylation is a newly discovered phenomenon in bacteria. Of the more than 250 acetylations reported in E. coli, many are of metabolic enzymes [1-3]. Thus, acetylation could represent a novel posttranslational mechanism of metabolic control. Yet, almost nothing is known about the regu ...
... Global protein acetylation is a newly discovered phenomenon in bacteria. Of the more than 250 acetylations reported in E. coli, many are of metabolic enzymes [1-3]. Thus, acetylation could represent a novel posttranslational mechanism of metabolic control. Yet, almost nothing is known about the regu ...
The Metabolic Functions of Carnitine in Torulopsis
... The carnitine-responsive yeast strain Torulopsis bacina ATCC 260 14 and the wild-type strain T. bot:ina ATCC 22987 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., USA. Cells were maintained, inocula were prepared and bioautography was done as described by Lewin & Bieber (197 ...
... The carnitine-responsive yeast strain Torulopsis bacina ATCC 260 14 and the wild-type strain T. bot:ina ATCC 22987 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., USA. Cells were maintained, inocula were prepared and bioautography was done as described by Lewin & Bieber (197 ...
insulin therapy for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
... The recent development of insulin analogs and insulin pump have allowed increased flexibility and more physiological management. MDI is more feasible option and CSII is useful only in some special situations. New non-invasive and painless route of administration are being developed. Inhaled in ...
... The recent development of insulin analogs and insulin pump have allowed increased flexibility and more physiological management. MDI is more feasible option and CSII is useful only in some special situations. New non-invasive and painless route of administration are being developed. Inhaled in ...
Hormonal Control of Glucose Metabolism
... of the day during which transition from the fed to the fasting state occurs. At the end of this period, tissue glucose utilization in resting humans is approximatively 2 mg/kg/min. Approximatively 1 mg/kg/min is due to the obligatory uptake of glucose by the brain and other non-insulin-dependent tis ...
... of the day during which transition from the fed to the fasting state occurs. At the end of this period, tissue glucose utilization in resting humans is approximatively 2 mg/kg/min. Approximatively 1 mg/kg/min is due to the obligatory uptake of glucose by the brain and other non-insulin-dependent tis ...
Metabolism of heme
... 1. ALA synthase Major site of regulation is at the level of ALA synthase. ① It is regulated by repression mechanism. Heme inhibits the synthesis of ALA synthesis by acting as a corepressor. The feedback regulatory effect is a typical example of end-product inhibition. ...
... 1. ALA synthase Major site of regulation is at the level of ALA synthase. ① It is regulated by repression mechanism. Heme inhibits the synthesis of ALA synthesis by acting as a corepressor. The feedback regulatory effect is a typical example of end-product inhibition. ...
On the mechanism of action of the antifungal agent propionate
... and was grown on this medium for 22 h. The presence of residual glucose in the medium (> 20 mM) was determined enzymatically. On 100 mM acetate and 100 mM acetate + 100 mM propionate all strains, with the exception of strain SMB/acuA, were grown for 36 and 41 h, respectively. To determine enzyme act ...
... and was grown on this medium for 22 h. The presence of residual glucose in the medium (> 20 mM) was determined enzymatically. On 100 mM acetate and 100 mM acetate + 100 mM propionate all strains, with the exception of strain SMB/acuA, were grown for 36 and 41 h, respectively. To determine enzyme act ...
Platelet isolation and incubation with LDL - HAL
... LDL increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation by 2-fold and TxB2 concentration by 69% confirming that LDL defined as minimally or mildly oxidized may activate platelets (12,16). Finally, glycoxidized LDL, reflecting at best the state that may occur in LDL from diabetic patients, were the most effective tri ...
... LDL increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation by 2-fold and TxB2 concentration by 69% confirming that LDL defined as minimally or mildly oxidized may activate platelets (12,16). Finally, glycoxidized LDL, reflecting at best the state that may occur in LDL from diabetic patients, were the most effective tri ...
Lipid signaling
Lipid signaling, broadly defined, refers to any biological signaling event involving a lipid messenger that binds a protein target, such as a receptor, kinase or phosphatase, which in turn mediate the effects of these lipids on specific cellular responses. Lipid signaling is thought to be qualitatively different from other classical signaling paradigms (such as monoamine neurotransmission) because lipids can freely diffuse through membranes (see osmosis.) One consequence of this is that lipid messengers cannot be stored in vesicles prior to release and so are often biosynthesized ""on demand"" at their intended site of action. As such, many lipid signaling molecules cannot circulate freely in solution but, rather, exist bound to special carrier proteins in serum.