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Download Biology Unit 2 Organic Notes The Chemistry of Carbon Organic
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Biology Unit 2 Organic Notes The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Macromolecules Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization. Monomers Polymers Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are: • carbohydrates • lipids • nucleic acids • proteins What is the function of carbohydrates? • Source of Energy • Structure • Carbohydrates Biology • Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1. Different sizes of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Examples: Cellulose Starch Glycogen Biology Lipids Lipids are generally not soluble in water. The common categories of lipids are: fats oils waxes steroids Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. Biology Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of three parts: • a 5-carbon sugar • a phosphate group • a nitrogenous base Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. ribonucleic acid (RNA) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Biology Proteins Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • polymers of molecules called amino acids. Amino acids The portion of each amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group. The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA. Protein Molecule Biology Some functions of proteins: – Control rate of reactions – Enzymes – Used to form bones and muscles – Transport substances into or out of cells – Help to fight disease - antibodies