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WHAT IS HEALTH SCIENCE? • AN APPLIED SCIENCE THAT ADDRESSES THE USE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS IN THE DELIVERY OF HEALTHCARE. • BIG IDEA = THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT FIELDS OF STUDY AND CAREERS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HEALTH SCIENCE WWW.PETLAKHEATLHSCIENCE20.WIKISPACES.COM UNIT 1 - NUTRITION HEALTH SCIENCE 20 OUTCOME(S): HS20-NU1 – ASSESS THE IMPORTANCE OF MICRO AND MACROMOLECULES IN MAINTAINING A HEALTHY HUMAN. BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS (E.G. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE). • WATER IS NEEDED BY ALL LIVING THINGS. FORMULA = H2O • SLIGHTLY POLAR (DUE TO OXYGEN-HYDROGEN BONDING) – MANY SUBSTANCES DISSOLVE INTO IT (LIKE SUGARS AND PROTEINS) • POLARITY GIVES IT EFFECTS OF ADHESION (OTHER SURFACES) AND COHESION (ITSELF) CAPILLARITY • NEEDS TO ABSORB A LOT OF ENERGY TO CHANGE TEMPERATURE (KEEPS WATER INSIDE OF CELLS IN THE BODY SAFE). MACROMOLECULES INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS (E.G. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE). • FOUR MAJOR MACROMOLECULES FOR ALL LIVING THINGS… TO LIVE. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTAINING CARBON) • WHAT DOES MACRO MEAN? LARGE • 1. CARBOHYDRATES 2. LIPIDS 3. PROTEINS 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS • MACROMOLECULES ARE COMPOSED OF LARGER NUMBERS OF ATOMS AND IS TYPICALLY USED INTERCHANGEABLY WITH THE TERM “POLYMER”. WATER WOULD BE CONSIDERED A MICROMOLECULE. MONOMERS VS POLYMERS INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS (E.G. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE). • MONOMER – A SINGLE (MONO) MOLECULAR UNIT THAT CAN COMBINE WITH OTHERS TO CREATE LARGER MOLECULES/CHAINS. (NOTE: MONOMERS CAN STILL BE LARGER MOLECULES). • POLYMER – A SERIES OF MONOMERS BONDED TOGETHER THROUGH DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS. • LINKING OF MONOMERS IS CALLED POLYMERIZATION. MONOMERS/POLYMERS Macromolecule Monomer Polymer Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Polysaccharides Lipids Fatty acids N/A Protein Amino acids Polypeptides CREATION OF MACROMOLECULES INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS (E.G. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE). • CONDENSATION REACTIONS AND DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS REMOVAL OF WATER TO FORM A NEW BOND • HYDROLYSIS AND DECOMPOSITION REACTION ADDING OF WATER TO BREAK A BOND (BREAKING DOWN POLYMERS) AND RELEASE ENERGY WITH THE HELP OF ENZYMES. • DURING THE FORMATION OF THE SUGAR SUCROSE, WHICH IS TABLE SUGAR, GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE COMBINE. IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION THE GLUCOSE MOLECULE RELEASES A HYDROXIDE ION, OH-, AND THE FRUCTOSE MOLECULE RELEASES A HYDROGEN ION, H+. THE OH- AND H+ IONS THAT ARE RELEASED COMBINE TO PRODUCE A WATER MOLECULE = CONDENSATION REACTION. CARBOHYDRATES INDICATOR: EXAMINE THE ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATES (MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES, AND POLYSACCHARIDES) AS BEING THE MAIN SOURCE OF SHORT TERM ENERGY. • PRIMARY SHORT-TERM ENERGY SOURCE AND STORAGE FOR HUMANS – HOW? INSULIN AND EASY BOND-BREAKING THREE FORMS OF CARBS ARE MONO-, DI-, AND POLY-SACCHARIDES • MONOMER = MONOSACCHARIDE (GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE) ISOMERS - ALL OF THESE HAVE THE SAME FORMULA, DIFFERENT STRUCTURE CHEMICAL FORMULAS ARE MULTIPLES OF CH2O, COMPOSED OF THE ELEMENTS CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN • TWO MONOMERS = DISACCHARIDES (SUCROSE – TABLE SUGAR OR LACTOSE) • POLYMER = POLYSACCHARIDES – STARCH (BREAD, PASTA), CELLULOSE (PLANT CELL WALLS), GLYCOGEN (QUICK ENERGY – HUNDREDS OF GLUCOSE BONDED TOGETHER) LIPIDS – CELL MEMBRANES AND HORMONE SYNTHESIS INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF LIPIDS (E.G. SATURATED, UNSATURATED, TRANS FATS) IN PROCESSES SUCH AS LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE, SUPPORTING VITAMIN ABSORPTION, CREATING CELL MEMBRANES, SYNTHESIZING HORMONES AND HDL VS LDL. • LIPIDS – COMPOSED OF THEIR MONOMER FATTY ACIDS THAT DON’T MIX WITH WATER – HYDROPHOBIC – LARGE AND NONPOLAR – THIS ALLOWS IT TO STORE/TRANSPORT NONPOLAR NUTRIENTS! • LIPID MOLECULES HAVE A HIGHER RATIO OF CARBON AND HYDROGEN ATOMS TO OXYGEN ATOMS THAN CARBOHYDRATES HAVE. MORE C,H THAN O • LIPIDS STORE ENERGY EFFICIENTLY. THEY HAVE LARGE NUMBERS OF CARBON-HYDROGEN BONDS, WHICH STORE MORE ENERGY THAN CARBON-OXYGEN BONDS COMMON IN OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. • LIPIDS (FATS) FUNCTIONS - LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE (HELD IN THE BONDS), VITAMIN ABSORPTION, CELL MEMBRANES, HORMONE SYNTHESIS LIPIDS INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF LIPIDS (E.G. SATURATED, UNSATURATED, TRANS FATS) IN PROCESSES SUCH AS LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE, SUPPORTING VITAMIN ABSORPTION, CREATING CELL MEMBRANES, SYNTHESIZING HORMONES AND HDL VS LDL. TYPES OF LIPIDS • SATURATED – HAVE NO DOUBLE BONDS – SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE - • UNSATURATED – HAVE DOUBLE BONDS – LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE • TRANS FATS – A TYPE OF SYNTHETIC UNSATURATED FATTY ACID – RAISING LDL, LOWERING HDL • FATTY ACID-BASED LIPIDS – TRIGLYCERIDES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, WAX • STEROIDS - RINGS – CHOLESTEROL, TESTOSTERONE LIPIDS INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF LIPIDS (E.G. SATURATED, UNSATURATED, TRANS FATS) IN PROCESSES SUCH AS LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE, SUPPORTING VITAMIN ABSORPTION, CREATING CELL MEMBRANES, SYNTHESIZING HORMONES AND HDL VS LDL. • LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE – LIPOCYTES, FOUND IN ADIPOSE TISSUES, HOLD FAT: WHITE FAT, WHAT WE TRY TO LOSE, AND BROWN FAT, BABY FAT THAT GENERATES/INSULATES HEAT. • VITAMIN ABSORPTION – SOME VITAMINS DISSOLVE IN “POLAR” WATER (NEED TO BE REPLENISHED MORE FREQUENTLY), THE REST CAN DISSOLVE INTO NONPOLAR LIPIDS AND BE TRANSPORTED THROUGHOUT THE BODY (LAST LONGER AS THEY ARE STORED IN FAT)! • CHOLESTEROL – HOUSED IN HDL AND LDL, HIGH-DENSITY AND LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS – USED FOR DEVELOPMENT OF STEROID HORMONES AND FOR CELL MEMBRANES. • CELL MEMBRANES – PROTECT CELLS • HORMONES - STEROID HORMONES HELP CONTROL METABOLISM, INFLAMMATION, IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTION, SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND OUR BODY’S SALT-WATER BALANCE. QUIZ QUESTIONS WHAT ARE THE FOUR MACROMOLECULES? • WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP CARBOHYDRATES? • WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES? • WHAT ARE THE MONOMERS OF CARBOHYDRATES? PROVIDE THE TERM AND AN EXAMPLE • WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES FOUND IN (FOODS)? BREAD! • WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP LIPIDS? • WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF LIPIDS (LIST 2)? • WHAT ARE THE MONOMERS OF LIPIDS? PROTEIN INDICATOR: DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PROTEIN IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES, HEMOGLOBIN AND INSULIN, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE. • PROTEINS ARE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS COMPOSED MAINLY OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND NITROGEN (AND SOME OXYGEN). C, H, O, N • PROTEINS ARE THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR BODY PARTS SUCH AS MUSCLES, SKIN, AND BLOOD. FUNCTION PROTEINS ARE MADE UP OF SMALLER UNITS CALLED AMINO ACIDS (RIGHT), THE MONOMER BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEIN. • OUR BODIES CONTAIN THOUSANDS OF DIFFERENT PROTEINS. ALL THESE PROTEINS ARE MADE FROM ABOUT 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS. AND HUMANS CAN ONLY MAKE 10 OF THESE 20. • AMINO ACIDS DIFFER ONLY IN THE TYPE OF R GROUP THEY CARRY. THE DIFFERENCE AMONG THE AMINO ACID R GROUPS GIVES DIFFERENT PROTEINS VERY DIFFERENT SHAPES. PROTEIN INDICATOR: DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PROTEIN IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES, HEMOGLOBIN AND INSULIN, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE. • THE DIFFERENT SHAPES ALLOW PROTEINS TO PERFORM MANY DIFFERENT ROLES IN THE CHEMISTRY OF LIVING THINGS. • TWO AMINO ACIDS BOND TO FORM A DIPEPTIDE, DURING A CONDENSATION REACTION, TWO AMINO ACIDS FORM A COVALENT BOND, CALLED A PEPTIDE BOND. • AMINO ACIDS CAN BOND TO EACH OTHER ONE AT A TIME, FORMING A LONG CHAIN CALLED A POLYPEPTIDE. • PROTEINS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE POLYPEPTIDES. SOME PROTEINS ARE VERY LARGE MOLECULES, CONTAINING HUNDREDS OF AMINO ACIDS. • AMINO ACID PEPTIDE/DIPEPTIDES POLYPEPTIDES PROTEIN INDICATOR: DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PROTEIN IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES, HEMOGLOBIN AND INSULIN, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE. FUNCTIONS • ANTIBODIES – GLOBULAR PROTEINS WITH SUGARS ATTACHED TO AMINO ACID CHAINS – THEY IDENTIFY FOREIGN MACROMOLECULES AND BIND TO THEM, EVENTUALLY DESTROYING THEM • HEMOGLOBIN – A PROTEIN IN RED BLOOD CELLS THAT HOLD OXYGEN • INSULIN – A PROTEIN REGULATES METABOLISM (ENERGY UPTAKE) • STRUCTURAL SUPPORT – PROTEINS MAKE UP MOST STRUCTURES IN THE BODY • BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE – MUSCLE TISSUE IS BUILT FROM AMINO ACIDS, WHEN MUSCLES UNDERGO STRESS/DAMAGE, THEY NEED TO BE REPAIRED. LAB – BUILDING MACROMOLECULES • YOU MAY WORK IN PARTNERS AT YOUR OWN PACE OR FOLLOW ALONG WITH INSTRUCTOR • CORRECT AS CLASS – SELF-ASSESS – SUBMIT MARK COMPLETE THE CHART Compound Carbohydrate Protein Lipid Elements Monomer(s) Function Example ENZYMES INDICATOR: EXAMINE THE ROLE OF ENZYMES (E.G. AMYLASE, PEPSIN, BILE, LIPASE, PROTEASE) AS CATALYSTS IN CHEMICAL DIGESTION. • ENZYMES ARE MADE OF PROTEIN • ENZYMES ARE CATALYSTS (THEY FACILITATE REACTIONS BY LOWERING ACTIVATION ENERGY) • THEY FIT WITH CERTAIN MACROMOLECULES TO BREAK THEM DOWN. Amylase Found in saliva/pancreas - catalyses hydrolysis of starch into sugars. High levels = acute pancreatitis Pepsin Breaks down food proteins into peptides – found in stomach Bile Breaks down lipids in the small intestine Protease Breaks down peptides into amino acids. Produced by pancreas – but activated in the intestine. Lipase Breaks down lipids. High levels = acute pancreatitis (Pancreas, mouth, and stomach) QUIZ • MATCHING ENZYMES WITH WHERE THEY ARE FOUND AND THEIR FUNCTION. (5) • TWO FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS (2) • WHAT ELEMENTS MAKE UP PROTEINS? WHAT IS THEIR MONOMER? (2) • WHAT DO ENZYMES DO? WHAT ARE THEY MADE OF? (2) HOMEOSTASIS INDICATOR: RECOGNIZE ISSUES (E.G. HYPO/HYPERGLYCEMIA, HIGH/LOW CHOLESTEROL, DENATURATION OF PROTEINS) THAT MAY ARISE WHEN MACROMOLECULES DISRUPT HOMEOSTASIS. • HOMEOSTASIS = BALANCE • HOW DO MACROMOLECULES DISRUPT HOMEOSTASIS? TOO MUCH OR NOT ENOUGH FOR THE BODY TO ADAPT TO! THAT’S WHY YOU NEED A BALANCED DIET! • GLYCEMIA = LEVELS OF GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD (HYPO – LOW, HYPER – HIGH) HYPO DIZZINESS, CONFUSION, WEAKNESS HYPER INCREASED THIRST AND URINATION • HIGH CHOLESTEROL CAN INCREASE RISK OF HEART DISEASE AND CIRCULATORY PROBLEMS LOW CHOLESTEROL CAN INCREASE RISK OF CANCER, DEPRESSION • DENATURATION OF PROTEINS – MORPHS A PROTEIN STRUCTURE NORMALLY BENT STRUCTURES BUT NOT ENOUGH TO BREAK DOWN THE PROTEIN - DISRUPTION TO HYDROGEN BONDS ARE CAUSED BY ALCOHOLS, ACIDS & BASES, AND HEAVY METAL SALTS. (THAT’S WHY WE USE SOME OF THESE TO CLEAN GERMS – THEY DAMAGE THEIR PROTEINS!) MICRONUTRIENTS EXPLAIN HOW MICRONUTRIENTS (E.G., VITAMINS A, B, D, C, E, K, AND IRON, CALCIUM, PHOSPHOROUS) ARE NECESSARY FOR HEALTH. (K) Micronutrient Vitamin A (fat soluble) Vitamin B (water soluble) Vitamin C (water soluble) Vitamin D (fat soluble) Vitamin E (fat soluble) Vitamin K (fat soluble) Iron Calcium Phosphorous Function SOURCES OF MACRO/MICRONUTRIENTS IDENTIFY WHICH MACRONUTRIENTS AND MICRONUTRIENTS ARE FOUND IN COMMON FOOD GROUPS (I.E., GRAINS, MILK AND ALTERNATIVES, MEAT AND ALTERNATIVES, VEGETABLES AND FRUITS, AND FATS AND OILS). (K) Micronutrient/Macronutrient Food Source PEOPLE MAKING NUTRITION CONTRIBUTIONS INVESTIGATE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF PEOPLE (E.G., JUSTUS VON LIEBIG, ANTOINE-LAURENT LAVOISIER, CLAUDE BERNARD, AND EMIL FISCHER) IN ADVANCING SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF NUTRITION. (STSE) USE YOUR PHONE! • JUSTUS VON LIEBIG • ANTOINE-LAURENT LAVOISIER • CLAUDE BERNARD • EMIL FISCHER