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Chapter 1, Section 3 Notes I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Elements and Compounds a. Element: substance that cannot be broken down i. Smallest unit of element = atom ii. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur found in living things b. compound: two or more elements chemically combine i. smallest unit of compound = molecule ii. example: water (2 hydrogen atoms & 1 oxygen atom) c. organic: compounds that contain carbon i. four types of organic compounds in living things d. inorganic: does not contain carbon Carbohydrates a. Contain the elements hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon b. Sugars combine to form starches (store excess energy) i. Found in foods that come from plants Lipids a. Includes fats, oils, and waxes b. Contain more energy than carbohydrates (cells store energy in lipids) c. Make-up cell membranes Proteins a. Made of smaller molecules called amino acids i. Amino acids (only 20) can be rearranged to create thousands of different proteins b. create most structures in a cell c. produce enzymes = speed up chemical reactions Nucleic Acids a. Contain instructions for carrying out life functions b. Two types of nucleic acids: i. DNA – carries information and is passed from parent to offspring ii. RNA – found in cytoplasm and has a role in creating proteins Water and Living Things a. Four important roles for water i. Chemical reactions involve water ii. Helps cells keep their size and shape iii. Helps keep temperature of cells from changing too rapidly iv. Chemical reactions use substances that are dissolved in water