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Organic Macromolecule Notes 1) Organic Macromolecules: a) Molecules that contain carbon b) Types i) Carbohydrates ii) Proteins iii) Lipids iv) Nucleic Acids 2) Carbohydrates a) Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen b) Base of Pyramid i) examples: Starch, Sugar, Cellulose (Plants cell wall) c) Types of Carbohydrates i) Starch is a long chain of glucose molecules found in plants ii) Glycogen is a long chain of glucose molecules found in animals d) Carbohydrates & Energy i) Where does the energy come from? (1) The energy is stored in the CarbonHydrogen Bonds (2) When food is metabolized (broken down) energy is released 3) Proteins a) Made of these elements: i) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen b) Building Blocks: i) Amino acids c) Biological roles of proteins i) As structural molecules, adding strength/flexibility to tissues such as hair and muscles. ii) As enzymes, controlling the reactions within cells. iii) As antibodies and hormones. iv) As components of cell membranes. d) Enzymes the Biological Catalyst i) Speeds up chemical reactions (1) Example: Wood Decomposing vs. Wood on fire ii) Examples in our body: (1) Amylas Carbohydrates in mouth (2) Pepsin Proteins in stomach (3) Pancreatic lipase lipids in small intestine Weakens Bonds 4) Lipids (Fats) a) Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen b) Building blocks: i) Glycerol and 3 fatty acids c) Nonpolar Molecule i) Does not dissolve in water ii) Evenly distributed electrons (doesn’t want to share) d) Function of lipids i) Stores energy ii) Examples: (1) Saturated fats (2) Steroids (cholesterol) (3) waxes 5) Nucleic Acids a) Building blocks: Nucleotides i) Sugar ii) nitrogen base iii) phosphate group b) Function of Nucleic Acids i) Store genetic information ii) Example: Genetic Traits Can you roll your tongue? c) Types of Nucleic Acids i) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) ii) RNA (ribonucleic acid) 6) ATP Adenosine Triphosphate a) Battery for the cell b) Formed from the metabolism (breakdown) of food c) Function of ATP i) Chemically similar to a nucleotide ii) Cells require ATP to function iii) Primary source of energy