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.Name: __________________________ H Biology DNA Technology Test Review ANSWERS 1. What is DNA technology/genetic A direct technique for altering the DNA of an engineering? organism 2.What is rDNA 3. What is a vector? 4.Define the following terms: Inbreeding Selective Breeding Hybridization Hybrid vigor -hybrids- organisms produced by combining DNA from different sources Recombinant DNA – DNA from two different organisms “Carrier” such as a plasmid or a virus Inbreeding – crossing of individuals w/similar characteristics so that those char. will appear in offspring – disadvantage – possibly bringing 2 recessive alleles together Selective Breeding – Selecting individuals w/desired characteristics Hybridization – Cross btw dissimilar organisms- often involves crossing individuals of different species – create animals with characteristics of BOTH species Hybrid Vigor – hybrids that are hardier than either of their parents 5. What is a transgenic organism? 6. What are restriction enzymes? Organisms that contain foreign genes Contains recombinant genes made by genetic engineering Molecular scissors, cut DNA at specific sites 7. What are sticky ends and how are they useful in the creation of rDNA? DNA fragments (single stranded) produced by restriction enzymes, can “anneal” to other sticky ends produced by same restriction enzyme 8. What is a plasmid and where can they be found? Circular pieces of bacterial DNA in addition to the bacterial chromosome (some found in yeasts) 9. Define gene cloning? Production of multiple identical copies of genesized pieces of DNA DNA ligase – glues nucleotides together Form H bonds base pairs with complementary sticky ends 10. What enzyme is used to “glue” rDNA together? 11. What are mutagens and provide some examples? Agents that bring about changes in genetic information UV light 12. What two processes are necessary to create RFLP’s (DNA fingerprints)? 13. Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of ? 14. Segment of DNA recognized by restriction enzymes? 15. Fragments produced by restriction enzymes are called? 16. What is the purpose of PCR? Xrays Cut DNA with restriction enzymes and run samples through gel electrophoresis Size, smaller fragments will migrate further/faster than larger fragments Restriction site Restriction fragments/DNA fingerprints and no two people (except identical twins) have the same DNA Amplify a small portion of DNA 17. Define gene therapy. Process in which normal version of genes may be able to replace disease causing genes 18.Define transformation. A cell (usually a bacterium) takes up foreign DNA from an outside source An organisms complete sequence of DNA 19. Define genome. 20. List the steps of genetic engineering- transformation…. 21. What percent of our genome codes for building proteins? 22. What is the human genome project? 23. How can scientists make plants polyploidy? 24. What is a genetic marker? 1. Isolate DNA of interest – cut desired gene with restriction enzymes and cut plasmid with same restriction enzyme 2. Allow gene of interest and plasmid to anneal (DNA ligase – joins the two pieces of DNA together) 3. Insert plasmid into bacterium 4. Allow bacterium to replicate (cloning) 5. Screen for transformation 2 percent An attempt to sequence the DNA of humans Use certain drugs to stop cell from dividing after meiosis which changes the number of chromosomes found in cells Something used to see if transformation 25. Why is it more difficult to insert plasmids into yeast compared to bacteria? 26. How are clones different from organisms produced by sexual reproduction? 27. Why use transgenic bacteria to make human proteins (ex. insulin) 28. What is the advantage of producing transgenic plants? 29. What is gene therapy? 30. What can prospective parents use to determine if they are carrying a harmful recessive allele? occurred - bacteria has accepted new DNA (ex. gene for antibiotic resistance, GFP gene) Yeast are eukaryotes The DNA from the clone is from a single cell taken from one adult cell and it will be IDENTICAL to the cell. Bacteria can produce the proteins in LARGE amounts Increase food supply Using a virus to insert a normal gene into an individual with a disorder to try to cure/treat the disorder, it is successful if the replacement gene is expressed in the person’s cells Genetic testing *** In addition to the questions above, please review the following: Use of restriction enzymes (actually cutting strands at recognition sites) How to read the results of gel electrophoresis Identify the stages of transformation and the production of clones Test Format: Multiple Choice Matching Interpreting Diagrams