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H Biology DNA Technology Test Review ANSWERS
1. What is DNA technology/genetic
A direct technique for altering the DNA of an
engineering?
organism
2.What is rDNA
3. What is a vector?
4.Define the following terms:
Inbreeding
Selective Breeding
Hybridization
Hybrid vigor
-hybrids- organisms produced by combining
DNA from different sources
Recombinant DNA – DNA from two different
organisms
“Carrier” such as a plasmid or a virus
Inbreeding – crossing of individuals w/similar
characteristics so that those char. will appear in offspring –
disadvantage – possibly bringing 2 recessive alleles together
Selective Breeding – Selecting individuals w/desired
characteristics
Hybridization – Cross btw dissimilar organisms- often
involves crossing individuals of different species – create
animals with characteristics of BOTH species
Hybrid Vigor – hybrids that are hardier than either of
their parents
5. What is a transgenic organism?
6. What are restriction enzymes?
Organisms that contain foreign genes
Contains recombinant genes made by genetic
engineering
Molecular scissors, cut DNA at specific sites
7. What are sticky ends and how are
they useful in the creation of rDNA?
DNA fragments (single stranded) produced by
restriction enzymes, can “anneal” to other sticky
ends produced by same restriction enzyme
8. What is a plasmid and where can
they be found?
Circular pieces of bacterial DNA in addition to the
bacterial chromosome (some found in yeasts)
9. Define gene cloning?
Production of multiple identical copies of genesized pieces of DNA
DNA ligase – glues nucleotides together
Form H bonds base pairs with
complementary sticky ends
10. What enzyme is used to “glue”
rDNA together?
11. What are mutagens and provide
some examples?
Agents that bring about changes in genetic
information
UV light
12. What two processes are
necessary to create RFLP’s (DNA
fingerprints)?
13. Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA
molecules on the basis of ?
14. Segment of DNA recognized by
restriction enzymes?
15. Fragments produced by
restriction enzymes are called?
16. What is the purpose of PCR?
Xrays
Cut DNA with restriction enzymes and run samples
through gel electrophoresis
Size, smaller fragments will migrate
further/faster than larger fragments
Restriction site
Restriction fragments/DNA fingerprints and no
two people (except identical twins) have the same
DNA
Amplify a small portion of DNA
17. Define gene therapy.
Process in which normal version of genes may be
able to replace disease causing genes
18.Define transformation.
A cell (usually a bacterium) takes up foreign DNA
from an outside source
An organisms complete sequence of DNA
19. Define genome.
20. List the steps of genetic
engineering- transformation….
21. What percent of our genome
codes for building proteins?
22. What is the human genome
project?
23. How can scientists make plants
polyploidy?
24. What is a genetic marker?
1. Isolate DNA of interest – cut desired gene
with restriction enzymes and cut plasmid
with same restriction enzyme
2. Allow gene of interest and plasmid to anneal
(DNA ligase – joins the two pieces of DNA
together)
3. Insert plasmid into bacterium
4. Allow bacterium to replicate (cloning)
5. Screen for transformation
2 percent
An attempt to sequence the DNA of humans
Use certain drugs to stop cell from dividing
after meiosis which changes the number of
chromosomes found in cells
Something used to see if transformation
25. Why is it more difficult to
insert plasmids into yeast compared
to bacteria?
26. How are clones different from
organisms produced by sexual
reproduction?
27. Why use transgenic bacteria to
make human proteins (ex. insulin)
28. What is the advantage of
producing transgenic plants?
29. What is gene therapy?
30. What can prospective parents
use to determine if they are carrying
a harmful recessive allele?
occurred - bacteria has accepted new DNA
(ex. gene for antibiotic resistance, GFP gene)
Yeast are eukaryotes
The DNA from the clone is from a single cell taken
from one adult cell and it will be IDENTICAL to
the cell.
Bacteria can produce the proteins in LARGE
amounts
Increase food supply
Using a virus to insert a normal gene into an
individual with a disorder to try to cure/treat the
disorder, it is successful if the replacement gene
is expressed in the person’s cells
Genetic testing
*** In addition to the questions above, please review the following:
Use of restriction enzymes (actually cutting strands at recognition sites)
How to read the results of gel electrophoresis
Identify the stages of transformation and the production of clones
Test Format:
Multiple Choice
Matching
Interpreting Diagrams