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Advances in genetics { Coulter Selective breeding, cloning, and genetic engineering are three methods for developing organisms with desirable traits. Selective breeding The process of selecting organisms with desired traits to be parents of the next generation. Thousands of years ago what we call corn was developed this way. Yearly farmers saved seeds from healthy plants, then in the spring they would plant them. Selective breeding Inbreeding involves crossing two individuals that have similar characteristics. Two turkeys both plump and grow quickly. Their offspring will probably have these traits. Inbred have very similar alleles that are very similar to those of their parents. Genetically similar, increases the probability that organisms may inherit genetic disorders. inbreeding Hybridization, breeders cross two genetically different individuals. Hybrid organisms that results is bred to have the best traits from both parents. May cross a cord that produces many kernels with corn that is resistant to disease. Hybridization Is an organism that has exactly the same genes as the organism from which it was produced. It isn’t hard to clone some plants. The African violet, just cut the stem from one plant, and put the stem in soil. Researchers have cloned pigs and sheep. This method is complex. Involves taking the nucleus of an animal’s body cell and using that to produce a new-animal. Cloning Genes from one organism are transferred into the DNA of another organism. Genetic engineering One type of genetically engineered bacteria produces a protein called insulin. Bacteria have a single DNA molecule in the cytoplasm. Some bacteria cells contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. Genetic engineering in bacteria Scientists can also use genetic engineering techniques to insert genes into animals. Scientists have used this method to produce the blood clotting protein needed by people with hemophilia. They have used this method in plants to enable them to survive in cold, poor soil, and resist insect pests. Genetic engineering in other organisms Gene therapy will involve inserting copies of a gene directly into a person’s cells. Doctors may be able to treat hemophilia by correcting the allele on the X chromosome. Gene therapy Some think that genetically engineered crops may not be entirely safe. People fear these crops may harm the environment or cause health problems in humans. Scientists try to learn more about the effects of genetic engineering. Concerns about genetic engineering The human genome project: scientists are trying to crack a 6 billion letter long code. Genome: is all the DNA in one cell of an organism. The main goal of the human genome project has been to identify the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome. Scientists have learned DNA has 30,000 genes. Someday we will know the DNA sequence of every human gene. Learning about human genetics DNA technology used in the Human Genome Project can also identify people and show whether people are related. DNA is broken into fragments, the pattern produced is called DNA fingerprint. Except for identical twins, no two people have exactly the same DNA fingerprint. DNA fingerprint