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Advances in Genetics
Selective Breeding
The process of selecting a few
organisms with desired traits to
serve as parents of the next
generation.
Inbreeding
Crossing 2 individuals that
have identical or similar sets of
alleles to produce breeds of
animals with specific traits
Crossing fast race horses
with other fast race horses to
produces purebreds with
exceptional speed.
Hybridization
Breeders cross 2 genetically
different individuals to produce
an organism that has the best
traits from both parents.
A farmer crosses corn that
produces many kernels with one
that is resistant to disease.
Cloning
►Can be done to plants and
animals to produce an
organism that is genetically
identical to the organism
from which it is produced
Cloning plants
►Taking
a cutting is one way
of cloning plants. A cutting
is a small part of a plant
that can root and grow into
a new plant
Cloning Animals
Dolly the sheep
Step 1-remove an egg cell
from one sheep
Step 2-remove nucleus
Step 3-replace that nucleus
with the nucleus from a cell
of a 6-year-old sheep
Implant the egg with the
new nucleus into the
uterus of a 3rd sheep
Wait 5 months
Hello, Dolly!! Baby lamb
is born identical to the
6-year-old sheep that
supplied the nucleus.
Genetic Engineering
►Genes
from one organism
are transferred into the DNA
of another organism to
produce an organism with
desired traits. Can be used
to produce medicines,
improve food crops and may
be used to cure human
genetic disorders.
►Genetic
engineering in
bacteria
►Enables
scientists to
produce important
human proteins such as
insulin
In other organisms
►genes from bacteria
inserted into cells of
tomatoes, wheat and other
crops
Used to develop important
medicines
Gene therapy
Used to correct some
genetic disorders. It
involves inserting working
copies of a gene directly
into cells of a person with a
genetic disorder
Scientists can insert a
working copy of a gene
into harmless viruses that
will spread and create
working copies of the
gene. As in the case of a
person with Cystic Fibrosis.
DNA Fingerprinting
►No
2 people have the
same DNA (except
identical twins) so they
are much like our
fingerprints.
►Used
to solve crimes by
collecting DNA via hair,
sking and blood samples
left at a crime scene.
Once the DNA is matched
to an individual, the crime
can more easily be solved.
The Human Genome Project
Genome is all the DNA in one
cell of an organism.
This project suceeded in
identifying the DNA sequence
of every gene in the human
genome
The information learned in this
project has enabled scientists
to better understand how a
human develops from a
fertilized egg to an adult. This
unbderstanding can lead to
new treatments and
preventions for mnay genetic
disorders.