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Advances in Genetics Selective Breeding The process of selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation. Inbreeding Crossing 2 individuals that have identical or similar sets of alleles to produce breeds of animals with specific traits Crossing fast race horses with other fast race horses to produces purebreds with exceptional speed. Hybridization Breeders cross 2 genetically different individuals to produce an organism that has the best traits from both parents. A farmer crosses corn that produces many kernels with one that is resistant to disease. Cloning ►Can be done to plants and animals to produce an organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it is produced Cloning plants ►Taking a cutting is one way of cloning plants. A cutting is a small part of a plant that can root and grow into a new plant Cloning Animals Dolly the sheep Step 1-remove an egg cell from one sheep Step 2-remove nucleus Step 3-replace that nucleus with the nucleus from a cell of a 6-year-old sheep Implant the egg with the new nucleus into the uterus of a 3rd sheep Wait 5 months Hello, Dolly!! Baby lamb is born identical to the 6-year-old sheep that supplied the nucleus. Genetic Engineering ►Genes from one organism are transferred into the DNA of another organism to produce an organism with desired traits. Can be used to produce medicines, improve food crops and may be used to cure human genetic disorders. ►Genetic engineering in bacteria ►Enables scientists to produce important human proteins such as insulin In other organisms ►genes from bacteria inserted into cells of tomatoes, wheat and other crops Used to develop important medicines Gene therapy Used to correct some genetic disorders. It involves inserting working copies of a gene directly into cells of a person with a genetic disorder Scientists can insert a working copy of a gene into harmless viruses that will spread and create working copies of the gene. As in the case of a person with Cystic Fibrosis. DNA Fingerprinting ►No 2 people have the same DNA (except identical twins) so they are much like our fingerprints. ►Used to solve crimes by collecting DNA via hair, sking and blood samples left at a crime scene. Once the DNA is matched to an individual, the crime can more easily be solved. The Human Genome Project Genome is all the DNA in one cell of an organism. This project suceeded in identifying the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome The information learned in this project has enabled scientists to better understand how a human develops from a fertilized egg to an adult. This unbderstanding can lead to new treatments and preventions for mnay genetic disorders.