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1Prof. Dott.. Bondì Massimo .
Phone and Fax: 06.9997048-Italy
Email:[email protected] ADDRESS- Via Oliivetello,19 Trevignano Romano 00069-Italy
BONDI’ MASSIMO
Libero docente in Surgical Pathology and
Clinical. University La Sapienza –Roma già Primario. General
Surgeon. Pathologist.. MD.General Surgeon SYDNEY.Australia
BONDI’ MANUELE.
Natural Science Degree-Parma University (Italy)
TITLE Appeared on the Gazz.Sanit.,Minerva medica,166,3,june,2007
And 12,2008.
“Experimental demonstration of the Pathogenesis of the Coma,
through the Unified Synaptic channel collapse. Physiological - Clinical
and Quantum-electrodynamics considerations.”
SUMMARY
It is possible to obtain the Coma through the total aspiration of the
cerebrospinal fluid.
Physiological , Clinical and Quantum-electrodynamics considerations
about the traumatic Coma.
Ninty minutes for saving the Brain.
KEY WORDS
CONSCIOUSNESS, CEREBRAL CORTEX,
VENTRICLES, CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID, UNIFIED SYNAPTIC
CHANNEL( USC),
QUANTUM-ELECTRO-DYNAMICS (QED), PHOTONS.
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2Prof. Dott.. Bondì Massimo .
Phone and Fax: 06.9997048-Italy
Email:[email protected] ADDRESS- Via Oliivetello,19 Trevignano Romano 00069-Italy
INTRODUCTION
In 1998 Bondì-Bondì (1) describe for the first time
an histological structure present in the cerebral cortex, named Unified
Synaptic channel (USC).
This histological structure (about 200 A* width) was identified as
“Synaptic fissure” by Sherrington (2) Nobel 1952. This “fissure”
however, according to Bondì, spreads among the miliards (150-200) of
cortical-cerebral neurons, assuming the histomorphological particular
features of a Channel.
J.C.Eccles (3) Nobel 1963, gave the experimental demonstration of the
intracellular electric registration of a stimulus-information of
excitement-inhibition. Such a stimulus determines one exocytosisemission, which has come to be considered as the basic neuron unitary
activity of the cerebral cortex. Every emission of 30-50 microvescicula
releases several different neuro-transmitters, which from the presynapse arrives to the post-synapse, there causing, via the mechanismall or nothing- a new electric state called “Depolarisation”corresponding
to an excitatory condition defined “Excitatory post-synaptic
potential”(EPSP). Eccles later hypothesis defined the EPSP as the
Intelligence Quantic Theory and could confirm the dualistic model of
mixed transmission of the nervous impuls. QED in the central interneuronic synaptic level of the USC and classical physics at the level of
nervous peripheric system.
.
Bondì proposed a model for the identification of consciousness based
on QED activity and its application to the biochemical structure of the
USC. Bondì perceives the latter as a channel running in loops all along
the labyrinthic structure of the bi-emispheric cerebral cortex and
constituting a “new” anatomical and histological structure on its own,
along which the flow of molecular (and ionic) particles (such as neurotransmitters) determines a sort of constant low-noise effect.
The model also tries to combine classical physics with
quantic physics in studying the emersion and identification of
consciousness represented as a “whole”. Quantum- electro-dynamics
3Prof. Dott.. Bondì Massimo .
Phone and Fax: 06.9997048-Italy
Email:[email protected] ADDRESS- Via Oliivetello,19 Trevignano Romano 00069-Italy
(QED) applied to the Synaptic space (USC) may constitue the
transmission vehicle of the global brain cortex (about 160.000Km.long).
The extension of the USC is likely to produce the synchronic and
synergic emergence of consciousness in a quantic model based on a
finely regulated mechanism of projection of sensorial inputs
(comprehending the stages of exocitosis and active transport), which can
be assembled in quantic sources and then processed along the USC .
We propose a model for the identification of consciousness based on
QED activity and its application to the biochemical structure of the
USC. In this context the emergence of the awareness of the ”SELF”
would thus appear to be based upon a mechanism of an extremely small
and shortly lived exchange of neuro-transmitters and other molecules ,
which according to their diffusion rate seem to sum up their effects to
produce a “constant” flow of material.(fig. 1-2-3)(already published)
In the 1997 this model was presented to the International
Symposium on the “Consciousness” – Belgrado- (4) (5).
The pathogenesis of the Coma that is a symptom and not a diagnosis,
becomes definitily comprehensible. In fact every time a collection or
lump(hematoma,,abcess, tumor ) compresses the cerebral parenchyma,
there is a compression of the cortex (about one cm.in thickness) against
the cranial non-stretch bone. In this way all the extension-width of USC
is reduced or completely disappeared, determining the consciousness
loss, that is the Coma, that begins in the precise moment in which the
collection reaches the critical limit of the closure (collapse) of the USC.
OBJECT OF THE RESEARCH
The described model must and can be
experimentally proved.
The research object is precisely the experimental demonstration of the
Coma pathogenesis, never before described. The experimental
constitution of a liquid collection ,compressing the cortex, is very
difficult; therefore we decided to act contrary, foreseeing to obtain the
same result, that is the Coma.
4Prof. Dott.. Bondì Massimo .
Phone and Fax: 06.9997048-Italy
Email:[email protected] ADDRESS- Via Oliivetello,19 Trevignano Romano 00069-Italy
It is well known that the cerebral parenchyma is maintained by a
cellular-fibrous network (astroglia,macroglia,mesoglia), that gives itself
a soft-firm consistency. This consistency becomes however hard-elastic,
for the presence of the ventricles, that plenty of liquor (cerebrospinal
fluid), incompressible as all the liquids, contributes to gives the described
hard-elastic consistency, necessary for the good functioning of the
interneuronic network (USC) and capillary circulation.
With the complete emptying of the cerebrospinal fluid contents, it is
possible to obtain the sudden and simultaneous collapse of the USC.
That means the consciousness loss, i.e. the “Coma” outbreak.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The animal sacrifice is not necessary.
1)Animal : big,medium size
After a carefull trichotomy of the dorsal-lumbar-sacral region
the animal is immobilized. The trichotomy is essential for locating the
intervertebral space.
2)Disinfection of the skin.
3)Superficial anesthesia of the animal with etherization
causing relaxation for introducing the needle.
4)Introduction of an aspirating needle, like for epidural anesthesia, in
the 2nd-3rd intervertebral subaracnoidal space and interposition of a
tubule between the needle and a syringe (50 cc.).
4)The animal will be waked up with generous doses of Oxigen
5)As soon as the animal will be awake (presence of the conjunctivalcorneal reflex ) and conscious, all the cerebrospinal liquid will be
aspirated until the negative pressure of the syringe. The fluid will stay in
the syringe.
6)Aspiration times: rapid= 3 minutes
Slow= 5 minutes
7) Disappearance of the reflexes and measuring of the outbreak of
consciousness loss corresponding to the total aspiration of the
5Prof. Dott.. Bondì Massimo .
Phone and Fax: 06.9997048-Italy
Email:[email protected] ADDRESS- Via Oliivetello,19 Trevignano Romano 00069-Italy
cerebrospinal fluid. The animal even if stimulated is acinetic and
unconscious.
8)The animal is left without consciousness (Coma) for
some minutes(3-4) .
9)Slow reintroduction of the fluid before aspirated and
measuring of the minutes for the reappearance of consciousness and
reflexes.
10)Extraction of the needle
RESULT
The experiment ( total aspiration of the c.s. fluid from the
intervertebral lumbar subaracnoidal space) determines the outbreak of
the Coma, caused by the collapse of the USC. This “collapse” is
comprehensible, considering the total, sudden and simultaneous
emptying of c.s. fluid up to obtain the negative pressure in the syringe.
The containers of the c.s. fluid that are the walls of the ventricles cavities
falling in, and the cerebral Cortex, site of the course of the USC, loses
its hard-elastic consistency because it is no more supported by the
pressure that the c.s.fluid acts on the ventricles walls and therefore all
the Cortex collapses itself.
The USC loses its vacuousness (200 A° ) and its QED ionic included is
reabsorbed through the neuronal membranes.
The totality of the cortical neurons suddenly and simultaneously is
blocked (exocitosys and active transport are interrupted ), the
Consciousness disappeares and so the “Coma” appears .
The reintroduction of the previously aspirated c.s,fluid determines the
reappeared vacuousness (200 A*) of the USC, due to new extension of
the cortex (about 1 cm.), and so the “Coma” disappeared.
6Prof. Dott.. Bondì Massimo .
Phone and Fax: 06.9997048-Italy
Email:[email protected] ADDRESS- Via Oliivetello,19 Trevignano Romano 00069-Italy
DISCUSSION
Having described the formation and identification of
the consciousness appearing like the stream of a river, already
understood by William James (6) ,that runs as an ionic-corpusclemolecolar flow through the enormous extension of the USC (160.000
kms.), due to the gyruses of the cerebral cortex(about 1 cm.of
thickness), we must affirm that the consciousness is mainly optical, and
therefore photonical (about 70-80%) .
The remaining 20-25% is represented by the auditory consciousness
and for 3-5% by the olfactory,gustatory , thermotactic-tactile and
painfull consciousness.
It may be interesting to point out synthetically the transformation in
image of the photonic component of consciousness. The Creator or the
Case, two faces of the same medal, identifiable with the unknown of the”
Human Thought”, with the “FIAT LUX” has foreseen in the evolution
course an organ capable to observe the Universe Creation. In which
way?
The Light crosses the pupil, that is the opening in the center of the iris
and hits at the speed of 300.000 Km/s. the “retina” membrane at the
interior of the ocular globule , that with its nine strata slows down ,
adsorbs and transforms such a speed-wave, in the dramatically smaller
speed of 10 Km/s.
By diminishing the speed, the mass increases and the photonic wave
assumes the corpuscle form that can move in this way along the fibres
of the optical nerve (about 1.250.000), which originates from the 8th
stratus of the Retina
The nervous fibers have not the histological structure capable to receive
the transmission of a wave, that in fact does not need any conductor for
its transmission, but needs only the space. The same happens in the
transmission of the electrical energy that arrives in our houses with a
wire conductor and radio and Tv waves that do not need any
conductor wire.
The atomic corpuscles put, differently of the waves, one to the other
along the nervous fibers, capable to receive this movement due to the
neuro-cellular electric potential membrane’s difference. Terminal
7Prof. Dott.. Bondì Massimo .
Phone and Fax: 06.9997048-Italy
Email:[email protected] ADDRESS- Via Oliivetello,19 Trevignano Romano 00069-Italy
station of the cosmic travel of the initial photonic wave is the corticocerebral occipital centre. The optical nerve(about 10 cm. of length in the
human brain) after the chiasm decussation , gives off the photonic
message transformed in image and colour (after have been registered in
the neuronal cells) in the USC, acquiring the QED form. This cosmiccerebral travel is obviously valid also for the sound waves(auditory
organ,temporal lobe, about 15-20 %) and for about 3-4% for the
gustatory,olfactory, thermotactile and painfull pertaining to the
sensorium
In this way the system, wave-corpuscle-wave, becomes a restricted
necessity. The nervous optical fibers are only the axons of the retinal
gangliar cells. Before arriving at the gangliar cells the messages coming
from the photo-sensible elements, cones stratus, receive a great quantity
of sophisticated analysis of information. Briefly the proteic molecule
that linking to the phosphodiesterasis enzyme makes active the
Rhodopsine, equivalent to “retinal porpora”, is the “trasducine” which
realizes the trasduction between the impact of the photon and the
electrical answer of the photoreceptor.
Retinal also combines with opsins in the retinal cones to form the three
pigments responsible for colour vision. The difference of electric
potential that can be measured between outside and inside of the
cellular membrane increases during the lighting, so an enormous
number of simultaneous photoluminescences is obtained.
All the animal visual systems are based on the photoluminescence of
the”retinal” hit from the Light. Every “Quantum” of the Light
decreasing the speed and adsorbed by a molecule of
“Rhodopsine”becomes isomeric for the retinal chromophories.
(R.Hubbard, A.Kropf) (7). In such case it is evident that the evolution
produced a highly efficient system for carrying out the adsorbed and
decreased light in the biochemical language. This language has been
developed in three phases: Quantistic(with wave function), electricionic-corpuscle (Optical nerve),QED in the USC. It is so
comprehensible as, pervaded by the wave-corpuscle photonic-, coming
from the sun radiation, all the biological subjects having a visual field,
together with the other sense-organs, have been able to identify
themselves , everyone in the peculiar environment, that for the human
8Prof. Dott.. Bondì Massimo .
Phone and Fax: 06.9997048-Italy
Email:[email protected] ADDRESS- Via Oliivetello,19 Trevignano Romano 00069-Italy
subjects signified in the evolution course,( millions years ), the
formation and the identification of the Consciousness of the “SELF ”
CONCLUSIONS
The histological existence of an interneuronic synaptic
structure in the cerebral-cortex tissue(USC) where a ionic-corpusclemolecolar flow represented by the reactive activity of the sensorial and
motors centers ( and of the human language, with the 3 centers:
Broca,Werniche,Kussmaul) , can be identified with the consciousness
formation that can be interpreted as a sort of constant,continous and
simultaneous low-noise effect.
When the cortex receives sufficient afferent impulses, it is said to be
aroused or activated. That is, a critical number of cortical neurons is
brought into the proper patterns of activity to produce a state of
consciousness and alertness. Thus, the great afferent systems are
important for promoting cortical activity and, hence,wakefulness.
However, at relatively low levels of stimulation this is not enough, and
the ascending Reticular activating system of the brain stem, which has
its upper end in the posterior hypothalamus, and lower thalamus,
becomes important. The RETICULAR system has a generalized
influence upon the cortex. The pathways from its upper extremity of the
cortex are not well understood, but impulses are presumably related
through the thalamic nuclei and through the internal capsule.
The Reticular system is thus to maintain wakfulness at levels of visceral
and somatic stimulation which would not ordinarily activate the cortex.
The sleep produced by lesions of the reticular system is not usually
completely irreversible. It may be that cortical sleep, which seems most
important in man, is supplemented by subcortical sleep and the same
form of consciousness, if not awareness, is possible in the absence of
the cortex. From the practical point of view, it is important that
extensive hypothalamic and thalamic lesions may produce somnolence
or pathologic sleep in patients. The same is true with large lesions
extending through the central reticular formation of the midbrain and
pons. All in all, the clinical
9Prof. Dott.. Bondì Massimo .
Phone and Fax: 06.9997048-Italy
Email:[email protected] ADDRESS- Via Oliivetello,19 Trevignano Romano 00069-Italy
support the premise that subcortical, as well as cortical mechanisms, are
important for changes in the states of consciousness. (F.H. Netter) (9)
The total empting of the c. s. fluid can experimentally prove the
outbreak of the “coma” that contrary disappears with the reactivation of
the consciousness, as soon as the c.s. fluid is reinjected, so reestablished
the physiological conditions of substain of the cerebral-cortex stratus,
essential for the ionic movement present in the USC.
The pathogenesis of the symptom “coma” has so a precise point of
reference in the “USC Collapse, ” that must be clinically taken into
consideration. Except for the “Pharmacological Coma” that has a
pathogenesis hydrophobic-hydrochemical (Hameroff) (8), every
Traumatic hemorrhagic compressing Coma, must be taken care of a
precox surgical decompression(extradural and subaracnoidal space
drenage.ventriculostomy,and if necessary evacuative craniotomy).
This decompression must be very early (to save the brain in the first 90
minutes) without loss of precious time in the casualty ward of the
peripheral Hospital, from which in a second time the patient is
transferred to central Hospital in absence of the neuro-surgeon.
In this way the patient receives the hematic leakage that determines
infiltration of cortico-cerebral tissue. Thus the degenerative process
starts, that after 3 hours determines a deeper and deeper “coma”
up to become irreversible (so said brain death). It is a brain death that
is caused for lack of organisation.
It should be hoped that as for the Angioplasty and for the cerebral
apoplectic stroke there could be the continuous presence in Hospitals of
Teams ready to operate suitably (Door-to-balloon of Americans ) so
opening a temporal reduced window also for the many numerous cranial
traumatisms , that contrary are often abandoned to the sad destiny of a
brain death frequently avoidable.
The patients in “vegetative coma” should be about 1500 according to a
recent statistic in Italy. An urgent operation performed in useful time is
only a question of organisation.
It is absurd to perform only a cardio-respiratory reanimation,without a
valid cerebral reanimation.
It should be like to perform a blood transfusion in a haemorrhagic
patient without operating on the haemorrhagic cause.
10Prof. Dott.. Bondì Massimo .
Phone and Fax: 06.9997048-Italy
Email:[email protected] ADDRESS- Via Oliivetello,19 Trevignano Romano 00069-Italy
The huge increase of the comatose patients is a very important problem
to be solved.
REFERENCES
\) Bondì M.-Bondì M..: Riv.Biol.-Biology Forum. “The role of synaptic
junctions in the identification of human consciousness”(1998),91,329-33
2) Sherrington C.S.:” Man on his nature” Cambridge University ,press.
London,(1952)
3)Beck F.-Eccles J.C.;”Quantum aspects of brain activity and the role of
consciousness”,Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.,11357-11361,(1989)
4)Bondì M-Bondì M. : “………interpretation of the pathogenesis of the
human coma”,ECPD brain consciousness international symposium,2223 September 1997,pag.201-204,Belgrade,Jugoslave
5)Bondì M-.Bondì’ M.: “Quantum electrodynamics(QED) and unified
synaptic channel (USC) in the identification of consciousness”
Neuroquantology,riv. on line ,June( 2005),www. Neuroquantology.com
6)James W. : “The principle of Psycology”, Harvard Univ.,
press.reprint.,USA ,(1981)
7) Hubbard R.-Kropf A.: Isomeri molecolari nella Visione”,Le
Scienze,Quaderni,29,4,3-12.(1986)
8)Hameroff S.R.-Watt R.C.:”Information in processing microtubules”
J.Theor.Biol. 98, 549-561,(1982)
9)Netter F.H.:” Nervous system”, (1968) Edit. CIBA