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Transcript
Name: Period: Biology: A Tour of the Cell A _______________________________ is the smallest unit of life. They can vary in size, shape and function (___________________________________________________ determines function). The light _________________________________________________ led the way to knowledge of the cell. Microscopes: A ____________________________________________ microscope magnifies objects (specimens) ~1000x their size. Most cellular structures _______________________________________ be seen. o You will work with a light microscope in the lab. ________________________________________________ microscopes give more detail and magnify a million times the object’s size. o However, the organism _______________________ when using an electron microscope. There are 2 types of electron microscopes: A _____________________________________________ electron microscope (SEM) gives a ________________ image of a specimen/object. A ______________________________________________ electron microscope (TEM) transmits ____________________________________ to view the interior of an object. A history lesson: Robert _______________________________________________ (1665) named the _____________________________ after looking at cork under the microscope. Anton ________________________________________________________ (LAY-von-hohk) (1670’s) developed a simple light microscope & discovered __________________________________________________ organisms and called them “little beasties”. Rudolf _________________________________________________ (1855) stated that all cells came from pre-existing __________________________________________ (a.k.a. Cell Theory). The Cell Theory (Virchow) has 3 basic principles: ______________________________________ are the basic units of life. All organisms are made of ___________________________________________ cells. All cells arise from _____________________________________________ cells. Name: Period: Cell Structures: Note: Not all of these are in your text! Order is not the same. All cells have an enclosure called a cell, or ______________________________________________ membrane. o This functions as the _________________________________________ and controls what enters and exits the cell. o It is mainly composed of _______________________________________ and proteins. Within the cell is the _______________________________________. This is a semifluid substance that contains the organelles. The ____________________________________________ are small structures that have specific functions within the cells. The ____________________________________________ is a protein network within the cytoplasm that helps support the cell and helps the cell maintain or change its shape. It also o _______________________________________ organelles o Enables the cell to _____________________________________ o Allows materials to move throughout the cell o Composed of _________________________________________ & microfilaments The ______________________________________________ is the control center of the cell o It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope o It contains the _______________________________________________. There are ______________________ chromosomes in the human nucleus (in every cell of the human body). The chromosomes are the ___________________________________ (genetic material). The nucleus is only found in_______________________________________________ cells! The nucleus contains the _____________________________________________ (if more than 1, nucleoli). o Nucleolus: makes ____________________________________________ Ribosomes make proteins. 2 Types of Cells Prokaryotic Cells ___________________________________________ _______________________ organelles (membrane-bound structures) Name: Period: Contained w/in cell membrane & cell wall, contain ribosomes, 1 ______________________________________________ chromosome in ______________________________________________ (NO nucleus) & ______________________________________________ (extra pieces of DNA) Eukaryotic Cells Protists, Fungi, _____________________________, & _________________________________________ Contained w/in cell membrane (may have a cell wall) Contain _________________________________________ & other membrane-bound organelles Means ‘______________________________________________________’ There are 2 types of cells: 1. Prokaryotes: These are bacteria (in Kingdom __________________________________). They are ____________________________________________ organisms. These were the _______________________________ cells. They are very small cells and are very simple cells. 2. Eukaryotes: found in all other kingdoms except Monera. These have a nucleus (as well as a cell membrane and the majority of the organelles being discussed, depending on the type of organism). Ribosomes make _____________________________________ from amino acids; can be found suspended within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. (not really organelles; these are cellular components) The _______________________________________________ (ER) is a network of membrane that produces materials for the cell. There are 2 types: o The __________________________________ ER contains ribosomes and functions in protein synthesis and makes new cell membrane. o The smooth ER makes _________________________________, process carbohydrates and breaks down ____________________________________. The __________________________________________ apparatus is composed of flat membranous save that modify, package and distribute molecules (warehouse of the cell). Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles that have various functions. o Some ________________________________ food, water, proteins, ions, or wastes. Generally these are _______________________________ and centralized. Name: Period: __________________________________________contain digestive enzymes that break down large molecules and old organelles that the cell no longer needs. ___________________________________________, double-membrane-bound organelles, perform photosynthesis. o This is the process of making ______________________________ (synthesis) in the presence of ______________________________ (photo). o Plants (some bacteria & protists) make their own food (a.k.a. ___________________________________________). The ___________________________________________ is the “powerhouse of the cell” b/c it changes stored enter from food into useable chemical energy (_____________________________) for chemical reactions. o ATP = adenosine triphosphate (energy ‘______________________________________________’ of cells) o The chemical reactions are ________________________________________________________. Cellular Structures ______________________________are short hair-like projections that are in the surface on the cell usually in large number. (NOT organelles) o Beat in __________________________________ and aid in the cell’s movement or in the movement of fluid over the cell. Flagella are long _______________________________ projections that are on the surface of the cell. (NOT organelles) o Usually 1 to 3 of these. o In prokaryotic cells, they spin like ________________________________________________. o In eukaryotic cells, they move like ________________________________________________. Plants differ from animal cells. In plants: A cell _________________________________ surrounds the cell membrane. The cell wall is a rigid outer covering that protects and maintains the __________________________________________ of the plant cell. Fungi, algae (a type of protist) and bacteria also have cell walls but the composition is different. Name: Period: Plants _____________________________________________ lysosomes. Animals are __________________________________________________, meaning they must consume food. Animal cells: __________________________________ a cell wall but have cytoskeletons for structural support. __________________________________ chloroplasts Contain small vacuoles (instead of a large centralized one) Have _______________________________________________________ BOTH Animal and Plant Cells Contain: Organelles previously mentioned (nucleus, ER, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, etc) ________________________________________________________________ ______________________________ (in chromosomes) Cell/plasma membrane is composed of a _____________________________________________________________________ (2 layers of phospholipids) with proteins interspersed. Phospholipids have a __________________________________________ head & hydrophobic _____________________________________ Fluid & flexible Membrane Functions Cell membranes are __________________________________________________. This means that some things pass through the membrane while others cannot pass through (this depends on the ______________________________ & ______________________________________ of the molecule). Passive transport is the movement of a substance across a membrane _____________________________________________ energy input. Active transport is the movement of a substance across a membrane _____________________________________________ the input of energy. Concentration=[ ]. Molecules move from a _________________________________ [ ] gradient to a ______________________________________ [ ] gradient. Name: Period: A [ ] gradient is the difference between the [ ] of a particular molecule in 1 area and its [ ] in an adjacent area. The rate of diffusion depends on _______________________________________ and ____________________________________ of molecules involved (molecules move faster at higher temperatures and smaller molecules move faster than larger molecules). Once molecules are dispersed evenly, __________________________________________is reached and diffusion stops. Passive Transport __________________________________________ is the movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of molecules with the help of a ______________________________________ protein embedded within a cell membrane. Osmosis is the diffusion of __________________________________. Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis are all type of passive transport. These do ____________________________ require energy (occur spontaneously). Active transport in cells usually occurs with the help of _________________________________________________________ but ____________________________________________ energy. An example is the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump). When comparing 2 solutions with a membrane between them, there are 3 types of solutions: ________________________________________________: the fluid outside a cell has a higher [solute] than the cytoplasm inside the cell. In this case, water diffuses out of the cell. Isotonic: the [solute] outside the cell= the [solute] inside the cell. In this case, no osmosis will occur. __________________________________________________: the fluid outside a cell has a lower [solute] than the cytoplasm inside the cell. In this case, water will move inside the cell. Bulk Transport: 1. _____________________________________________________: exo=exit; cyto=cell Wastes and cell products are packaged in vesicles by the golgi apparatus. The vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and leave the cell 2. _____________________________________________________: endo=within; cyto=cell Name: Period: A portion of the cell membrane surrounds a substance outside of the cell & pinches off to form a vesicle The vesicle moves inward and fuses with other organelles This includes o Pinocytosis: cell _____________________________________________________ o Phagocytosis: cell ____________________________________________________