Download Biology: A Tour of the Cell

Name:
Period:
Biology: A Tour of the Cell
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A _______________________________ is the smallest unit of life.

They can vary in size, shape and function
(___________________________________________________ determines function).

The light _________________________________________________ led the way to knowledge of
the cell.
Microscopes:

A ____________________________________________ microscope magnifies objects (specimens)
~1000x their size. Most cellular structures _______________________________________ be seen.
o You will work with a light microscope in the lab.

________________________________________________ microscopes give more detail and
magnify a million times the object’s size.
o However, the organism _______________________ when using an electron microscope.
There are 2 types of electron microscopes:

A _____________________________________________ electron microscope (SEM) gives a
________________ image of a specimen/object.

A ______________________________________________ electron microscope (TEM) transmits
____________________________________ to view the interior of an object.
A history lesson:

Robert _______________________________________________ (1665) named the
_____________________________ after looking at cork under the microscope.

Anton ________________________________________________________ (LAY-von-hohk)
(1670’s) developed a simple light microscope & discovered
__________________________________________________ organisms and called them “little
beasties”.

Rudolf _________________________________________________ (1855) stated that all cells came
from pre-existing __________________________________________ (a.k.a. Cell Theory).
The Cell Theory (Virchow) has 3 basic principles:

______________________________________ are the basic units of life.

All organisms are made of ___________________________________________ cells.

All cells arise from _____________________________________________ cells.
Name:
Period:
Cell Structures:
Note: Not all of these are in your text! Order is not the same.

All cells have an enclosure called a cell, or ______________________________________________
membrane.
o This functions as the _________________________________________ and controls what
enters and exits the cell.
o It is mainly composed of _______________________________________ and proteins.

Within the cell is the _______________________________________. This is a semifluid substance
that contains the organelles.

The ____________________________________________ are small structures that have specific
functions within the cells.

The ____________________________________________ is a protein network within the cytoplasm
that helps support the cell and helps the cell maintain or change its shape. It also
o _______________________________________ organelles
o Enables the cell to _____________________________________
o Allows materials to move throughout the cell
o Composed of _________________________________________ & microfilaments

The ______________________________________________ is the control center of the cell
o It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope
o It contains the _______________________________________________. There are
______________________ chromosomes in the human nucleus (in every cell of the human
body). The chromosomes are the ___________________________________ (genetic material).

The nucleus is only found in_______________________________________________ cells!

The nucleus contains the _____________________________________________ (if more than 1,
nucleoli).
o Nucleolus: makes ____________________________________________

Ribosomes

make proteins.
2 Types of Cells
Prokaryotic Cells

___________________________________________

_______________________ organelles (membrane-bound structures)
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Period:
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Contained w/in cell membrane & cell wall, contain ribosomes, 1
______________________________________________ chromosome in
______________________________________________ (NO nucleus) &
______________________________________________ (extra pieces of DNA)
Eukaryotic Cells

Protists, Fungi, _____________________________, &
_________________________________________

Contained w/in cell membrane (may have a cell wall)

Contain _________________________________________ & other membrane-bound organelles

Means ‘______________________________________________________’
There are 2 types of cells:
1. Prokaryotes: These are bacteria (in Kingdom __________________________________).

They are ____________________________________________ organisms.

These were the _______________________________ cells. They are very small cells and
are very simple cells.
2. Eukaryotes: found in all other kingdoms except Monera.

These have a nucleus (as well as a cell membrane and the majority of the organelles being
discussed, depending on the type of organism).

Ribosomes make _____________________________________ from amino acids; can be
found suspended within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. (not really
organelles; these are cellular components)

The _______________________________________________ (ER) is a network of
membrane that produces materials for the cell. There are 2 types:
o The __________________________________ ER contains ribosomes and functions
in protein synthesis and makes new cell membrane.
o The smooth ER makes _________________________________, process
carbohydrates and breaks down ____________________________________.

The __________________________________________ apparatus is composed of flat
membranous save that modify, package and distribute molecules (warehouse of the cell).

Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles that have various functions.
o Some ________________________________ food, water, proteins, ions, or wastes.
Generally these are _______________________________ and centralized.
Name:
Period:
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__________________________________________contain digestive enzymes that break
down large molecules and old organelles that the cell no longer needs.

___________________________________________, double-membrane-bound organelles,
perform photosynthesis.
o This is the process of making ______________________________ (synthesis) in the
presence of ______________________________ (photo).
o Plants (some bacteria & protists) make their own food (a.k.a.
___________________________________________).

The ___________________________________________ is the “powerhouse of the cell” b/c
it changes stored enter from food into useable chemical energy
(_____________________________) for chemical reactions.
o ATP = adenosine triphosphate (energy
‘______________________________________________’ of cells)
o The chemical reactions are
________________________________________________________.
Cellular Structures

______________________________are short hair-like projections that are in the surface on
the cell usually in large number. (NOT organelles)
o Beat in __________________________________ and aid in the cell’s movement or
in the movement of fluid over the cell.

Flagella are long _______________________________ projections that are on the surface of
the cell. (NOT organelles)
o Usually 1 to 3 of these.
o In prokaryotic cells, they spin like
________________________________________________.
o In eukaryotic cells, they move like
________________________________________________.
Plants differ from animal cells. In plants:
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A cell _________________________________ surrounds the cell membrane.
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The cell wall is a rigid outer covering that protects and maintains the
__________________________________________ of the plant cell.

Fungi, algae (a type of protist) and bacteria also have cell walls but the composition is different.
Name:
Period:
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Plants _____________________________________________ lysosomes.

Animals are __________________________________________________, meaning they must
consume food.
Animal cells:
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__________________________________ a cell wall but have cytoskeletons for structural support.
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__________________________________ chloroplasts
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Contain small vacuoles (instead of a large centralized one)
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Have _______________________________________________________
BOTH Animal and Plant Cells Contain:
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Organelles previously mentioned (nucleus, ER, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, etc)

________________________________________________________________

______________________________ (in chromosomes)
Cell/plasma membrane is composed of a
_____________________________________________________________________ (2 layers of
phospholipids) with proteins interspersed.

Phospholipids have a __________________________________________ head & hydrophobic
_____________________________________

Fluid & flexible
Membrane Functions
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Cell membranes are __________________________________________________. This means that
some things pass through the membrane while others cannot pass through (this depends on the
______________________________ & ______________________________________ of the
molecule).

Passive transport is the movement of a substance across a membrane
_____________________________________________ energy input.

Active transport is the movement of a substance across a membrane
_____________________________________________ the input of energy.
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Concentration=[ ].

Molecules move from a _________________________________ [ ] gradient to a
______________________________________ [ ] gradient.
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Period:
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A [ ] gradient is the difference between the [ ] of a particular molecule in 1 area and its [ ] in an
adjacent area.
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The rate of diffusion depends on _______________________________________ and
____________________________________ of molecules involved (molecules move faster at higher
temperatures and smaller molecules move faster than larger molecules).
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Once molecules are dispersed evenly, __________________________________________is reached
and diffusion stops.
Passive Transport
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__________________________________________ is the movement of molecules from a higher
concentration to a lower concentration.

Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of molecules with the help of a
______________________________________ protein embedded within a cell membrane.
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Osmosis is the diffusion of __________________________________.
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Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis are all type of passive transport. These do
____________________________ require energy (occur spontaneously).
Active transport in cells usually occurs with the help of
_________________________________________________________ but
____________________________________________ energy. An example is the sodium-potassium
pump (Na+/K+ pump).
When comparing 2 solutions with a membrane between them, there are 3 types of solutions:

________________________________________________: the fluid outside a cell has a higher
[solute] than the cytoplasm inside the cell. In this case, water diffuses out of the cell.

Isotonic: the [solute] outside the cell= the [solute] inside the cell. In this case, no osmosis will occur.
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__________________________________________________: the fluid outside a cell has a lower
[solute] than the cytoplasm inside the cell. In this case, water will move inside the cell.
Bulk Transport:
1. _____________________________________________________: exo=exit; cyto=cell
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Wastes and cell products are packaged in vesicles by the golgi apparatus.

The vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and leave the cell
2. _____________________________________________________: endo=within; cyto=cell
Name:
Period:
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A portion of the cell membrane surrounds a substance outside of the cell & pinches off to form a
vesicle
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The vesicle moves inward and fuses with other organelles
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This includes
o Pinocytosis: cell _____________________________________________________
o Phagocytosis: cell ____________________________________________________