Download DNA and RNA

12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material
Nucleic acid
nucleotides
DNA
RNA
complementary
Nitrogenous base
purine
pyrimidine
orientation
antiparallel
histone
nucleosome
chromosome
Chargaff’s rule
double helix
12.2 Replication of DNA
Replication
template
semiconservative replication
DNA Helicase
Binding proteins
RNA Primase
synthesize
DNA polymerase
Complex macromolecule that stores and communicates genetic information; DNA and RNA
subunit of nucleic acid; made of a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
Type of nucleic acid called Deoxyribonucleic acid; composed of two complementary, precisely paired strands of
nucleotides wound in a double helix; carries genetic information on the chromosomes located in cells
Type of nucleic acid; Ribonucleic acid; guides protein synthesis
Being complements of each other; refers to the precise pairing of purine(adenine and guanine) and
pyrimidine(thymine and cytosine) bases between strands of nucleic acid
A compound with nitrogen; types of bases: purines and pyrimidine
Double ringed nitrogenous base; ex. Guanine and adenine
Single ringed nitrogenous base; ex. Thymine, cytosine and uracil
Refers to the directions of the two strands of DNA; determined by the numbering of carbon molecules located
on the strands
Refers to the fact that the two strand of DNA run in opposite direction to one another; one strand is oriented 5’
to 3’(five prime to 3 prime); the other strand is oriented 3’ to 5’—
Beadlike proteins that DNA tightly coils around to decrease in size
Repeating subunit of chromatin fibers, consisting of DNA coiled around histones
Made up of groups of nucleosomes grouped into chromatin fibers and then supercoiled into shape
Amount of nitrogenous bases equal each other in DNA; adenine=thymine and cytosine=guanine
twisted-ladder shape of DNA formed by two nucleotide strands twisted around each other
the action or process of making a copy or duplicating
a gauge, pattern, or mold used as a guide to the form of a piece being made
method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA
with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand
Enzyme responsible for unwinding and unzipping the double helix of DNA for replication
In the unwinding process, hold the parent DNA apart so that copies can be made
Leading strand
discontinuously
Lagging strand
Okazaki fragment
template
An enzyme that adds a short segment of an RNA primer on each strand of DNA during the unwinding of DNA
To form or make by combining parts of elements
enzyme that initiates the making of new DNA molecules by adding the appropriate nucleotides to the 3’ end of
the new DNA strand/
The DNA strand that is synthesized continuously during replication; nucleotides are added to the 3’end
not continuous; broken; interrupted;
The DNA strand that is replicated discontinuously from the 5' to the 3' direction
short segment of DNA synthesized discontinuously in small segments in 3’ to 5’ direction by DNA polymerase
Something that serves as a pattern for the making of a macromolecule
catalyzed
To bring about; to initiate
12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein
Central dogma
codon
messenger RNA
The central dogma of molecular biology explains that DNA codes for RNA, which codes for making proteins
used in the organism. DNA->RNA->protein
three-base code in DNA or RNA
type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in the
cytoplasm
type of RNA that associates with protein to form ribsomes
ribonucleic acid guides protein synthesis
enzyme that regulates RNA synthesis
Found on mRNA and starts translation
Found on mRNA and stops translation UAA, UGA, UAG
process in which mRNA is made from the template of DNA
type of RNA that transport amino acids to the ribosome
process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled
Located on the transfer RNA; Three base code that is the complement to the codon on the messenger RNA
ribosomal RNA
RNA
RNA polymerase
Start codon
Stop codon
transcription
transfer RNA
translation
anticodon
12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation
Gene expression
conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein
gene regulation
ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment
operon
section of DNA containing genes for proteins required for a specific metabolic pathway consists of an operator,
promoter, regulatory gene, and genes coding for proteins.
Transcription factors
Gene regulation by proteins used to control the timing and amounts of proteins transcribed in eukaryotes
mutagen
substance such as a chemical that causes mutations
mutation
permanent change in a cell’s DNA ranging from changes in a single base pair to deletions of large sections of
chromosomes
Hox genes
A form of gene regulation in an eukaryotic embryo where a series of genes controls the organs and tissues that
develop in various parts of an embryo.
RNA interference
Form of eukaryotic gene regulation in which small pieces of mRNA interfere with translation by binding to
sections of mRNA
Point mutation
Mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another; generally but not
always change one of the amino acids in a protein.
substitution
A point mutation in which one base is exchanged for another; two types: missense and nonsense
Missense substitution
A substitution in a single nucleotide that alters the DNA code so that it codes for the wrong amino acid causing a
problem in the protein.
Nonsense substitution
A substitution in a single nucleotide that alters the DNA code so that it codes for a stop codon instead of an
amino acid. This causes translation to terminate early causing proteins not to function normally.
Frameshift mutation
Mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide. All amino
acids after the insertion/deletion will be different than they should.
insertions
Additions of a nucleotide to the DNA sequence will cause a frameshift mutation which changes proteins made
Deletion
Loss of a nucleotide to the DNA sequence will cause a frameshift mutation which changes proteins made
Duplication
involves a repeat of a codon(s).Addition of the same nucleotide; will cause a difference in the protein made
Expanding mutation (tandem repeats) Addition of the same nucleotide and are directly adjacent to each other; alters type of protein made