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Transcript
Warm Up #8 • Draw and fill in the chart below about three different types of cells: Written Response #3-15 • In this true/false activity: • You and your partner will discuss the question, each of you will record your response and share your answer with the class. Be prepared to justify your answer. • You are allow to search answers. • You will be limited to 20 seconds per question. TRUE/FALSE • The water-hating hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid bilayer face the outside of the cell membrane. TRUE/FALSE The cytoplasm essentially acts as a “skeleton” inside the cell. TRUE/FALSE Plant cells have special structures that are not found in animal cells, including a cell wall, a large central vacuole, and plastids. TRUE/FALSE Centrioles help organize chromosomes before cell division. TRUE/FALSE Ribosomes can be found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. TRUE/FALSE ATP is made in the mitochondria. TRUE/FALSE Many of the biochemical reactions of the cell occur in the cytoplasm. TRUE/FALSE Animal cells have chloroplasts, organelles that capture light energy from the sun and use it to make food. TRUE/FALSE Small hydrophobic molecules can easily pass through the plasma membrane. TRUE/FALSE In cell-level organization, cells are not specialized for different functions. TRUE/FALSE Mitochondria contains its own DNA. TRUE/FALSE The plasma membrane is a single phospholipid layer that supports and protects a cell and controls what enters and leaves it. TRUE/FALSE The cytoskeleton is made from thread-like filaments and tubules. What Do Cells Share? • Structures found in all cells: • DNA organized as chromosome(s). DNA directs cell activity What Do Cells Share? • Structures found in all cells: • Cytoplasm is the “filling” of the cell and is made up of 90% water. Water provides the necessary environment for all the chemical reactions the cell needs. What Do Cells Share? • Structures found in all cells: • Ribosomes are organelles that are the site of protein synthesis. Proteins are essential for enzymes, structure and communication. What Do Cells Share? • Structures found in all cells: • Cell membrane (plasma membrane) • Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the cell membrane. • Fluid: individual phospholipids and proteins can move past each other; they are not fixed in one position. • Mosaic: the membrane has more than one type of molecule (phospholipids and proteins). • Functions of the cell membrane: • Selectively permeable: regulates what enters and leaves the cell. This helps maintain homeostasis. • Gives the cell (cytoplasm) shape. CELL MEMBRANE READING • Once you and your partner have finished the assignment. 1. Pick up Cell Membrane article from front of room. Cell Membrane Structure - Both • Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. • Fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the cell membrane: • Fluid – Individual phsopholipids and proteins can move past each other; they are not fixed in one position. • Mosaic – The membrane has more than one type of molecule (phospholipids and proteins) Cell Membrane Function - Both • Selectively permeable: regulates what enters and leaves the cell. • This helps maintain homeostasis. • Gives the cell (cytoplasm) shape. • Explain why hydrophobic (“water-hating”) molecules can easily cross the plasma membrane, while hydrophilic (“water-loving”) molecules cannot. Written Response #16 • Thoroughly answer the question below. Use appropriate academic vocabulary and clear and complete sentences. • Discuss the properties of the plasma membrane that allow it to act as a barrier around the cell. Include the specifics of the phospholipid bilayer. Cell Wall – Plants Only Provides extra support, protection, and shape for the cell. Found outside the cell membrane Made of cellulose Cytoplasm - Both • The “filling” of the cell and is made of up to 90% water. • Water provides the necessary environment for all the chemical reactions the cell needs. Cytoskeleton - Both • Made of microtubules and microfilaments that provide structure and shape for the cell. Nucleus - Both • Surrounds the chromosome for additional protection. • Made of a phospholipid bilayer. • What are the benefits of the nucleus being made up of a phospholipid bilayer? Vacuoles - Both • Store food, waste or water to be used inside the cell or excreted from the cell. • Vacuoles are larger in plants than animal cells. Centrioles – Animal Only • Organelle that helps with cell division. • Found only in animal cells. Lysosomes - Both • Contain digestive enzymes which digest food contained in vacuoles as well as old or damaged parts. Chloroplast – Plants Only • Organelles full of chlorophyll that are the site of photosynthesis which produces sugars. (C₆H₁₂O₆) • Thylakoid responds to solar radiation to produce sugar. • Composed of folded membranes for more surface area. Golgi Apparatus - Both • Packages materials for export from cells. • Cellular “Post Office” Mitochondria - Both • Site of cellular respiration which produces cell energy (ATP). • Structure contains folded membranes which increases surface area allowing more space for reactions. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum “Smooth ER” - Both • Extension of the nuclear envelope. • Plays important role in cellular maintenance of lipids. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER - Both • “Rough” because of the ribosomes attached to the membrane. • Aids in protein production. Ribosomes - Both • Organelles that are the site of protein synthesis. • Proteins are essential for enzymes, structure, and communication. • Which enzymes are in charge of communication? Written Response #17 • Explain how the following organelles ensure that a cell has the proteins it needs: nucleus, rough and smooth ER, vesicles, and Golgi apparatus. Nucleolus - Both • A dense region located in the nucleus. • Manufactures ribosomes. DNA - Both • Directs cell activity. • Organized as chromosomes. • Double helix in shape. Chromosomes - Both • Tightly packed coils of DNA and proteins that form during cell division. (Mitosis) • Human have 46. Cilia/Flagella - Both • External cell organelles that aid in movement. • Flagella are long and whip like. • Cilia are short and hair like. Cell Adaptations Activity – draw and complete the following chart in your notebook. Adaptations Pseudopod Cilia / Flagella Eyespots Pili Contractile vacuoles Increased mitochondria Chemotaxis / Phototaxis Description • Single celled organisms rely heavily on adaptations to carry out life processes. • Once you and your table partner have completed your charts, raise your hand so that I may check you off for completion. • Once you have been checked off, you and your partner will create a poster to represent the cellular adaptations. • Be sure to include a drawing as well as how these adaptations have increased the survival of single-celled organisms. Written Response #18 • What is endosymbiotic theory? How does it explain the presence of certain organelles in eukaryotic cells? Cell Compare - Handout • Complete the handout with your table partner. Once finished, raise your hand so I can come check you off for completion. • Once you have been checked off, glue/tape the handout into your notebook. peroxisome smooth ER vacuole nucleolus DNA nucleus lysosome mitochondrion rough ER golgi apparatus cell membrane centriole ribosome Animal Cell Art - Handout • Complete the handout by completing the function of the organelles and coloring the appropriate color. • Raise your hand when you have completed the handout and I will come check you off for completion. • Once you have been checked off for completion, glue/tape the handout into your notebook. mitochondrion peroxisome smooth ER DNA nucleolus vacuole nucleus rough ER chloroplast cell wall golgi apparatus cell membrane ribosome Plant Cell Art - Handout • Complete the handout by completing the function of the organelles and coloring the appropriate color. • Raise your hand when you have completed the handout and I will come check you off for completion. • Once you have been checked off for completion, glue/tape the handout into your notebook. Edible Cell - Activity • You and your lab group will decide on a cell type and select 12 organelles that will be represented by different types of candy. • Draw and complete the chart as you are making your cell in your notebook. • I must check you off prior to eating any part of your cell. Organelle Type of Candy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Description (why did you use this candy) Edible Cell Planning • You will work in groups of 4. • You and your partners will need to bring your materials to class tomorrow to make your edible cell. • If you forget your materials, oh well. You will have to hope another group will share with you. • You will build your model on a paper plate. I will provide the plate for you. • Suggested materials: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Cupcake Graham crackers Icing Licorice Peanut Butter Cups Sprinkles Nerds Rope Nerds Jelly beans M&M’s Marshmallows Fruit By the Foot Gummi Worms Mike and Ike Air Head Extremes Wanted Ad: Cell Structures and Organelles • Design 3 wanted posters for 3 different cell structures or organelles. • On the wanted poster, you must tell: • • • • Who you are (what type of cell) Why you need the organelle or structure. A way of contacting you (make it up) A reward for obtaining the organelle or structure (make it up) • You must also include a picture of the cell you are representing and the organelle or structure you are seeking.