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Essential Question What is DNA made of and how does it code for a genetic trait? DNA stands for... Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA FACTS • established by James Watson and Francis Crick DNA Structure DNA consists of two molecules that are arranged into a ladder-like structure called a double helix. A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny subunits called nucleotides. What is a nucleotide? Each nucleotide consists of: 1. Phosphate group 2. Pentose Sugar (Deoxyribose) 3. Nitrogenous base (A,T,G,C) Nucleotides The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA molecule, whereas the bases form the “rungs”. Nitrogenous Bases A Adenine C Cytosine T Thymine G Guanine Key Phosphate Deoxyribose (sugar) Base-Pair Rule Adenine <==> Thymine Guanine <==> Cytosine The sides of the DNA ladder are phosphate & sugar held together by hydrogen bonds Because of this complementary base pairing, the order of the bases in one strand determines the order of the bases in the other strand. A T C G T A C A G T G C T A DNA Structure To crack the genetic code found in DNA we need to look at the sequence of bases. The bases are arranged in triplets called codons. AGG-CTC-AAG-TCC-TAG TCC-GAG-TTC-AGG-ATC Base Pair Rule One side: A T A T C A T G C G G G Other side: T A T A G T A C G C C C DNA Structure A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a protein. Each unique gene has a unique sequence of bases. This unique sequence of bases will code for the production of a unique protein. It is these proteins and combination of proteins that give us a unique phenotype. How the Code Works The combination of A,T,G,C determines what traits you might have. Ex: C A T C A T = purple hair T A C T A C = yellow hair • Think of the bases of DNA like letters. Letters form words.... Words form sentences.... *endless combinations DNA Gene Protein Trait Let's Review What We Know About DNA Copy the missing parts of the questions. 1. DNA stands for: _________________________ 2. What is the shape of DNA? _______________ 3. Who established the structure of DNA? ____________ 4. Adenine always pairs with _______________ 5. The sides of the DNA ladder are deoxyribose and _____ 6. Guanine always pairs with _____________ 7. What is the complimentary sequence: A A T G C A 8. The two sides of DNA are held together by _______ bonds. 9. DNA is composed of repeating subunits called ______________________ 10. What are the 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder? _______________________________________ Let's Review What We Know About DNA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. DNA stands for: Deoxyribonucleic acid What is the shape of DNA? _______________ Double helix Who established the structure of DNA? ____________ Watson & Crick Adenine always pairs with _______ Thymine The sides of the DNA ladder are deoxyribose & phosphate _____ Guanine always pairs with ____________ Cytosine What is the complimentary sequence: A A T G C A TTA CGT 8. The two sides of DNA are held together by Hydrogen _______ bonds. 9. DNA is composed of repeating subunits called nucleotides ______________________ 10. What are the 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine ladder? _______________________________________ chromosomes DNA cell gene Use the image to complete the following: Circle a nucleotide and label it. Label the sugar and phosphate. Label the bases that are not already labeled. Phosphate Deoxyribose (sugar) T A C G A T C G Summary Write 2 questions that start with a “Why” on each page of notes. Write a 3 sentence summary that answers the essential question.