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Things To Know For The Chapter 12 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis Test KNOW THE FOLLOWING Nucleotides are composed of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base. DNA Characteristics - A strand of nucleotides that codes for the information to make/synthesize proteins in an organism - Contains the purines, adenine & guanine, and the pyrimidines, cytosine & thymine - Watson & Crick determined that the DNA is a double helix - DNA is a nucleic acid macromolecule - Adenine bonds with thymine & guanine bonds with cytosine - The backbone of DNA or the uprights of the DNA ladder are composed of phosphate groups & deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar) sugar - If the DNA molecule is seen as a ladder, the rungs would be nitrogen containing bases and the uprights would be phosphate groups and 5 carbon sugars (deoxyribose) RNA Characteristics - A single strand of nucleotides that contains uracil instead of thymine - RNA is a nucleic acid macromolecule - RNA contains ribose sugar Differences & Similarities between DNA and RNA - DNA has deoxyribose sugars & RNA has ribose sugars - DNA is double stranded & RNA is single stranded - DNA contains thymine & RNA contains uracil Mutations - Mutations are changes in the DNA nucleotide sequence - Mutations are caused by mutagens. Examples include x-rays, UV light, chemicals, etc. - Point mutations are the change of one single nucleotide in the DNA - Frameshift mutations are the addition/insertion or deletion of one side nucleotide pair in the DNA strand. This causes the entire reading of the codons to be read incorrectly or messed up. - DNA polymerase will proofread the DNA to find errors. If a wrong nucleotide is placed into the strand a proofreading mechanism should find the error. DNA Replication - A new molecule of DNA is made through a process called replication. - Know how to base pair to create the opposite strand of DNA. - DNA replication results in two identical strands of DNA exactly like the original parent strand Transcription - Transcription is the process of copying DNA into mRNA (messenger RNA); This means the instructions to make a protein encoded in a gene are copied into mRNA - Transcription occurs in the nucleus - mRNA carries the information contained in DNA to the ribosome for translation Translation - Translation is the process of converting mRNA (nucleotide sequence) to a protein (amino acid sequence); converting RNA into amino acid sequence - Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA (transfer RNA) - Each amino acid is coded for by three nucleotides known as a CODON; codons can also code for starts and stops - tRNA contains an anticodon that briefly pairs with the codon on mRNA - Translation occurs in the cytoplasm by ribosomes (ribosomes are made of rRNA)