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Transcript
Cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. (Name the five kingdoms of living things.) Plant Cell Animal Cell Differences in plant and animal cells Plant cells have : Animal Cells have : 1. Cell wall 1. NO Cell walls 2. Chloroplast 2. No Chloroplasts 3. Large Vacuole 3. Smaller vacuoles ______________________________________________ Organelles are tiny structures within the cell that carry out specific functions. Cell Wall The rigid layer of non-living material that surrounds the cells of plants and some organisms.It supports and protects the cell. Cell Membrane Controls what substances come into and out of a cell. All cells have a cell membrane. Nucleus Large oval structure found inside the cell. Cell’s control center, directing all of the cell’s activities including growth and reproduction. Nuclear Membrane Surrounds the nucleus and protects it. Materials pass in and out of the nucleus through its small openings or pores. Do You Know??? 1.What do we call cells that have a nucleus? eukaryotic 2.What do we call cells that do not have a nucleus? 3.What do we call organisms made of one cell? prokaryotic single-celled or unicellular 4. What do we call organisms made of more than one cell? multi-c elled Chromatin Nucleolus Thin strands of genetic material in the nucleus that directs the functions of the cell. A structure in the nucleus where ribosomes are made. Organelles in the Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is the clear, thick, gel-like fluid between the nucleus and cell membrane that is constantly moving. All cells have cytoplasm. Organelles located here function to produce energy, build and transport needed materials, and store and recycle waste. Mitochondria Rod-shaped organelles that produce energy the cell needs to carry out functions. They are known as the “powerhouses”. Role of Mitochondria in Cellular Respiration. Respiration is a two-stage process First Stage-Takes place in the cytoplasm. Glucose molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. Second Stage-Takes place in the mitochondria.The small molecules are broken down into even smaller molecules and energy (ATP) is released. If cellular respiration stops, cells die due to lack of energy. Endoplasmic Reticulum A maze of passageways that carry proteins and other materials from part of the cell to another. Ribosomes These organelles produce proteins. Golgi Bodies They receive proteins and materials from the E.R, package them, and distribute them to other parts of the cell. Vacuoles Store food, water, and other materials needed by the cell. They also store waste products. Lysosomes These contain chemicals to break down large food particles and old cell parts to be recycled. This is the cell’s “clean-up crew.” Chloroplasts The organelles capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell. Bacterial Cells Bacteria are single (one) – celled microscopic organisms. Bacteria do not have a nucleus.(prokaryotic) Inside a bacterial cell, the chromosome material is floating inside the cytoplasm. •Some bacteria have circular DNA called plasmids. •Ribosomes are also found in the cytoplasm. •Bacteria have a cell membrane and a cell wall. Some have a flagellum for movement. Beneficial Bacteria Examples of ways bacteria are beneficial. 1. Work as decomposers 2. “Fixes” free nitrogen N2 into nitrogen compounds for plants to use. 3. Bacteria on skin protects against pathogenic bacteria. 4. Bacteria in the intestines makes Vitamin K and aids in digestion. 5. Used to make yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream. 6. Breaks down sludge and oil that contaminate the environment. Levels of Organization Level One – Cells - basic unit of structure and function of all living things. Second Level: Tissues - group of similar cells that perform the same function. Level Three: Organs - different types of tissues work together, they form an organ. Level Four: Organ System - a group of organs that work together to perform a major function. Level Five - Organism Types of Tissues Connective tissue connects and supports parts of the body. Blood, fat, ligaments, cartilage, bones, and tendons are all connective tissues. Epithelial tissue covers and lines the surfaces of your body and organs, inside and out. They primarily serve as protective barriers. Skin is one example. Nerve tissue carries messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body. The brain, spinal cord, and nerves are made up of nerve tissue. Muscle tissue can contract, or shorten which makes parts of your body move.