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Cells
Cells are the basic unit of
structure and function in
living things.
(Name the five kingdoms of living things.)
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Differences in plant and animal cells
Plant cells have : Animal Cells have :
1. Cell wall
1. NO Cell walls
2. Chloroplast
2. No Chloroplasts
3. Large Vacuole
3. Smaller vacuoles
______________________________________________
Organelles are tiny structures within
the cell that carry out specific
functions.
Cell Wall
The rigid layer
of non-living
material that
surrounds the
cells of plants
and some
organisms.It
supports and
protects the cell.
Cell Membrane
Controls what
substances come
into and out of a
cell.
All cells have a
cell membrane.
Nucleus
Large oval
structure found
inside the cell.
Cell’s control
center, directing
all of the cell’s
activities
including
growth and
reproduction.
Nuclear Membrane
Surrounds the nucleus
and protects it.
Materials pass in and out
of the nucleus through its
small openings or pores.
Do You Know???
1.What do we call cells that have a nucleus?
eukaryotic
2.What do we call cells that do not have a nucleus?
3.What do we call organisms made of one cell?
prokaryotic
single-celled or
unicellular
4. What do we call organisms made of more than one cell? multi-c
elled
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Thin strands of
genetic material
in the nucleus
that directs the
functions of the
cell.
A structure in the
nucleus where
ribosomes are made.
Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is the clear, thick,
gel-like fluid between the nucleus
and cell membrane that is
constantly moving. All cells have
cytoplasm.
Organelles located here function to
produce energy, build and transport
needed materials, and store and recycle
waste.
Mitochondria
Rod-shaped organelles that produce
energy the cell needs to carry out
functions.
They are known as the “powerhouses”.
Role of Mitochondria in Cellular Respiration.
Respiration is a two-stage process
First Stage-Takes place in the cytoplasm.
Glucose molecules are broken down into
smaller molecules.
Second Stage-Takes place in the
mitochondria.The small molecules are broken
down into even smaller molecules and energy
(ATP) is released.
If cellular respiration stops, cells die due to
lack of energy.
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
A maze of
passageways that
carry proteins and
other materials
from part of the
cell to another.
Ribosomes
These organelles
produce proteins.
Golgi Bodies
They receive
proteins and
materials from the
E.R, package
them, and
distribute them to
other parts of the
cell.
Vacuoles
Store food, water, and
other materials
needed by the cell.
They also store waste
products.
Lysosomes
These contain
chemicals to break
down large food
particles and old
cell parts to be
recycled.
This is the cell’s
“clean-up crew.”
Chloroplasts
The organelles capture
energy from sunlight
and use it to produce
food for the cell.
Bacterial Cells
Bacteria are single (one) – celled microscopic
organisms. Bacteria do not have a
nucleus.(prokaryotic)
Inside a bacterial cell, the chromosome material is
floating inside the cytoplasm.
•Some bacteria have circular DNA called plasmids.
•Ribosomes are also found in the cytoplasm.
•Bacteria have a cell membrane and a cell wall.
Some have a flagellum for movement.
Beneficial Bacteria
Examples of ways bacteria are beneficial.
1. Work as decomposers
2. “Fixes” free nitrogen N2 into nitrogen compounds
for plants to use.
3. Bacteria on skin protects against pathogenic
bacteria.
4. Bacteria in the intestines makes Vitamin K and
aids in digestion.
5. Used to make yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream.
6. Breaks down sludge and oil that contaminate the
environment.
Levels of Organization
Level One – Cells - basic unit of structure
and function of all living things.
Second Level: Tissues - group of similar cells
that perform the same function.
Level Three: Organs - different types of
tissues work together, they form an organ.
Level Four: Organ System - a group of organs that
work together to perform a major function.
Level Five - Organism
Types of Tissues
Connective tissue connects
and supports parts of the
body. Blood, fat, ligaments,
cartilage, bones, and tendons
are all connective tissues.
Epithelial tissue covers and
lines the surfaces of your body
and organs, inside and out.
They primarily serve as
protective barriers. Skin is one
example.
Nerve tissue carries messages
back and forth between the brain
and every other part of the body.
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves
are made up of nerve tissue.
Muscle tissue can contract,
or shorten which makes
parts of your body move.