Download PNS Extra credit worksheet. Use the text and your power point notes

PNS Extra credit worksheet. Use the text and your power point notes to complete the worksheet.
Define PNS (what does PNS mean and what does it contain):
Sensory nerves contain information heading __________________ the brain. These are also known as
________________________ nerves.
Motor nerves contain information heading __________________ the brain. These are also known as
________________________ nerves.
A convenient way to remember this is to use the acronym ____________________.
Structure of a nerve.
A nerve is composed mainly of the __________ of many neurons. Each axon is surrounded by Schwann
cells that produce the insulating material ____________________, which is then covered by the first
connective tissue layer called ______________________________. __________________________
wraps bundles of axons into fascicles and the final outside layer, _______________________________,
wraps around many fascicles to form the nerve.
Most spinal nerves carry both ____________________ and ____________________ neurons.
___________________ nerves carry information to and from the head and neck, and
___________________ nerves carry information to and from the body.
Receptors.
Receptors are modified _______________________ of sensory neurons that respond to changes in the
______________________ instead of ______________________________.
_______________________________ respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch
_______________________________ are sensitive to changes in temperature
_______________________________ respond to light energy (e.g., retina)
_______________________________ respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood
chemistry)
_______________________________ sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (e.g. extreme heat or cold,
excessive pressure, inflammatory chemicals)
Receptors located in the body that detect changes in the environment may be classified as
____________________________, while those that send information about internal organs are called
_____________________________. Receptors that relay information about muscles and joint position
are called _____________________________________.
Regarding neuronal integration, describe each level and explain what occurs in each one:
Receptor level:
Circuit level:
Perceptual level:
What are the two ways the brain interprets the intensity of a sensory stimulus?
Why is pain an important sense?
What is visceral pain?
Describe referred pain and give an example or two:
Briefly describe the 4 stages of axonal repair in the PNS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Why don’t CNS neurons have the ability to regrow?
Spinal nerves.
We have _____ pairs of spinal nerves. There are ____ cervical, _____ thoracic, ____ lumbar, ____ sacral
and _____ coccygeal spinals nerves.
Why do we have one more spinal nerve than vertebrae in the cervical region?
There are two enlargements of the spinal cord. One in the _______________ region and the other in
the __________________ region because __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord via two roots. The ___________________ root is
located in the posterior spinal cord and carries only ____________________ neurons. The
________________ root is located in the ventral root and carries only ___________________ neurons.
Once joined to form a spinal nerve the nerve splits to form three branches (rami). The
_________________ rami serves the skin and muscles of the back and the ______________________
rami serves the skin and muscles of the front of the body. The _____________________ rami serves the
connective tissue coverings around the spinal cord.
All spinal nerves form networks called a _____________________, except spinal nerves from the
________________________ region on the spine.
The four plexuses are:
The cervical plexus is formed from spinal nerves originating from C__ to C__. The _________________
nerve controls the diaphragm and is supplied by roots from C__ - ___. Describe why this is important
regarding injuries to the spinal cord:
Below is a diagram of the brachial plexus. In the space provided, label the spinal nerve levels (blue) and
the nerves indicated with an arrow and briefly describe the muscle groups they control.
The lumbar plexus is made up of spinal nerves ____ to ____. It innervates (supplies) the skin and
muscles of the _______________ of the leg.
The two major nerves found in this plexus are the _____________________ and ___________________
nerves. Briefly describe what each nerve does:
The sacral plexus is made from spinal nerves ____ to ____. It innervates (supplies) the skin and muscles
of the _______________ of the leg.
The major nerve found here is the ________________________ nerve which is made up of two nerves,
the _______________________ and the _______________________ nerves and is the thickest nerve in
the body.
Define the term dermatome and describe how they are used clinically to look for spinal cord damage:
What is Hilton’s law?
Cranial nerves.
Fill in the chart below:
Number
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Name
Function
Motor, Sensory
or Both
Reflexes.
There are two types of reflexes. ______________________ reflexes are rapid, involuntary and
predictable. Give an example:
__________________________________ reflexes are learned through practice/repetition, i.e.,
____________________________________
There are five components to a reflex arc, they are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Using the diagram of a spinal cord below, draw a flexor/pain/withdrawal reflex including all neural
structures, skin and muscle (effector) and label the following: skin, receptor, stimulus (pin), sensory
neuron, dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion, white matter, grey matter, interneuron, motor neuron, ventral
root, effector and response. Also, identify which neurons are unipolar and/or multipolar and whether
they excite (+) or inhibit (-).
Why do we have flexor responses instead of extensor responses?
Using the diagram of a spinal cord below, draw a patellar stretch reflex including all neural structures,
muscles and leg then label the following: quadriceps, hamstring, patellar tendon, stretch receptor,
stimulus (hammer), sensory neuron, dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion, white matter, grey matter,
interneuron, motor neurons, ventral root, and effector response. Also, identify which neurons are
unipolar and/or multipolar and whether they excite (+) or inhibit (-).
Explain what happens after the hammer strikes the patellar tendon and describe series of events:
What information does a healthcare worker get by hitting your knee with a hammer?
The brain typically inhibits this response. What happens when the brain is unable to inhibit this reflex?
What type of injury might this patient have suffered?