Download 2008 Unit 3 Biological Bases of Behavior

Victim of Nail-Gun Accident Survives a
Delicate Operation
LA Times May 6, 2004

Isidro Mejia –



Dr. Rafael Quinonez




Stumbled on scaffolding
Fell on co-worker using a nail
gun
Several days of operations
With X-rays and a camera
scope
Found the head of each nail
and gently removed them
Recovery


Lost most his of Englishspeaking skills
Full, if gradual, recovery
predicted
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
1
III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
College Board - “Acorn Book”
Course Description
8-10%
Summary Outline






A. Physiological Techniques
B. Neuro-anatomy
C. Functional Organization
D. Neural Transmission
E. Endocrine System
F. Genetics
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
3
A. Physiological Techniques
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain
(ESB)
 Lesioning


also brain injury cases
Electrical Recordings - EEG
 Brain Imaging Procedures

CT Scan
 PET Scans
 MRI Scan

Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
4
How can we teach about
physiological techniques

Brainstorming and Sharing
Why is it important to cover this area?
 What’s important for the student to
comprehend?
 Potential activities?

Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
5
B. Neuroanatomy

Brain Structure and Function

Brainstorming and Sharing
Why is it important to cover this area?
 What’s important for the student to
comprehend?
 Potential activities?

Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
6
Activities Neuroanatomy

Brain Structure and Function
Making Brain our of Play-do
 Making neuron models

Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
7
Study Chart to Aid Learning About Brain Structure
Martin Anderson
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
8
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
9
Human / Cat / Rat
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
10
Right Brain v. Left Brain



Opposite side body
control
Functional differences
Split brain research





Split visual field
Split sensory fields
Language differences
Role of corpus
callosum
Misuses of concept
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
11
C. Functional Organization of
Nervous System
Nervous
System
Central
NS
Brain
Spinal
Cord
Peripheral
Somatic
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
Parasympathetic
12

Brainstorming and Sharing
Why is it important to cover this area?
 What’s important for the student to
comprehend?
 Potential activities?

Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
13
Central Nervous System Activity

Simple Cognitive Mapping
 Students tend to pass over this diagram
 This activity is a quick and easy way to
understand and review the chart
 Students make a blank diagram
 Students make post it notes of terms
that go onto the diagram
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
14
D. Neural Transmission

Neuronal Structure



Glia – The Support
System
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior


Action Potential
All-or-none Response
Refractory Period
Electrical
Transmission
(Positive and
Negative Ions)
15
Activities

Chain Reaction Time



Conduction of a Neuronal Impulse


Wertheimer/ Boring (APA Activities Handbook 1 – Activity
84)
Using class to measure simple and choice reaction times
 Right hand / Opposite hand
Kasschau (APA Activities Handbook 1 – Activity 84)
 Several rows / message goes forward and to left or right
How Fast are Your Nerves?

Catching a falling meter stick under varied conditions
 Preferred hand v. opposite hand
 Sight / Sound / Touch
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
16
Basic Parts of a Neuron


Axons
Dendrites



Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
Dendritic Spines
Cell Body
Terminal Branches
17
Importance of dendritic spines



Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
Increased amount of
receptor sites
Changes occur in the
brains of individuals
with cognitive
impairments
Spine number is
sensitive to the
quality of the
environment during
early development
18
Classification of Neurons

Based on Number of
Neurites (Axons and
Dendrites_



Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior


Based on Dendrites
(Shape of the
dendritic tree)


Stellate cells (starshaped)
Pyramidal cells
19
Classification of Neurons

Based on
Connections

Sensory Neurons



Axons form synapses
with muscles
Interneurons

Only connect with
other neurons
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
Based on Axon
Length
Golgi Type I
Neurons

Motor Neurons


Dendrites on surface
areas such as eye and
skin



Projection neurons
Extend
Golgi Type II
Neurons

Local circuit neurons
20
Classification Based on
Neurontransmitter

Amino acid and amine transmitters


Generally each stored in and released by
separate sets of neurons
Choloneric Neurons
Release acytelcholine (Ach) at their
synapses
 Includes all motor neurons in the spinal
cord and brain stem

Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
21
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
22
Norepinephrine system

Locus coeruleus in the pons (one on each
side)
Innervates almost every area of the brain
 One neuron can make more than 250,000
synapses (it can have one axon branch in
the cerebral cortex and another in the
cerebellar cortex)
 Involved in attention, arousal, sleep-wake
cycles, learning, memory, anxiety, pain,
mood, and brain metabolism.

Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
23
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
24
Seratonin system

Mostly clustered in the nine raphe nuclei


Lie to either side of the midline of the brain stem
Each nucleus projects to different parts of the
brain
 Those in the medulla innervate the spinal cord

Modulate pain-related sensory signals
 Those
in the pons and midbrain innervate most
of the brain (as the Locus coeruleus neurons do)
 Part of the ascending reticular activation
system
 Implicated in mood and emotional behavior
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
25
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
26
Dopamine system

Substantia nigra

Produce and distribute
dopamine

Ventral tegmental area



Facilitate the initiation of
voluntary movements


Degeneration of these
cells produces Parkinson’s
Disease
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior

Produce and distribute
dopamine
Innervates a part of the
frontal cortex and parts of
the limbic system
Involved in a “reward
system that assigns values
to certain adaptive
behaviors
Implicated in psychiatric
disorders
27
Glia support neuronal functions.


Most glia are
astrocytes which fill
the spaces between
neurons
Glia envelop synaptic
junctions restricting
the flow of
neurotransmitters
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
28
Myelinating Glia



Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
Insulate axons
Help speed
transmission
Interrupted by
nodes of Ranvier
29
Neurotransmitters
(See handout – Major Neurotransmitter Chart

Amines




Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin

Amino Acids



Peptides



Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
GABA
Glutamates
CCK
Endorphins
(Enkephalins)
Substance P
30
Synapse
Synaptic Sites
E. Endocrine System

Endocrine (glands)

Adrenal Glands



Exocrine (ducts)
Hormones

Thyroid Gland


Insulin, glucagon
Testes, Ovaries

Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
ACTH - adrenocorticotropic
hormone
Pancreas


Thyroxine
Pituitary Gland


Epinephrine,
norepinephrine
Testosterone, estrogen
33
F. Genetics



Dominant Traits
Recessive Traits
Genotypes


Phenotypes



Possible gene combinations
Observable result
Chromosomes and Chromosomal Abnormalities
(23/23)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
34
How Different are We?
PHENOTYPE QUESTIONNAIRE
Non -blue eyes
Straight hair
Free earlobes
Bent little finger
PTC taster
Widow’s Peak
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
Blue eyes
Non-straight hair
Attached earlobes
Straight little finger
Non-PTC taster
Straight hair line
35
Phenotype Chart
Free earlobes
Straight Hair
Attached earlobes
Non-Blue Eyes
Free earlobes
Non-straight Hair
Attached earlobes
Free earlobes
Straight Hair
Attached earlobes
Blue eyes
Free earlobes
Non-straight Hair
Attached earlobes
Unit III. Biological Bases of
Behavior
36