Download Cell Structure

Cell Structure
Organelles
Cell Structure Notes:
Getting started
• Using your textbook on pages 73-81
label the structures on your handout.
• Then as we go through the notes, cut
and paste the appropriate organelle
with your notes.
Recall the
Characteristics of Life
• All Living things share the following:
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Cells
Organization
Energy use
Homeostasis
Growth/Development
Reproduction
2 Levels of Organization
• Molecular and Cellular
• Macromolecules are organized into
structures called organelles. Organelles
working together make up a cell.
• One cell has all it needs to carry out all
life processes.
– The organelles carry out all of
the functions of life.
How is a single, tiny little cell
able to do so much?
• Each organelle in the cell performs a specific
function.
• Remember, all cells have (prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells)
– A cell membrane
– DNA (genetic information)
– cytoplasm
• BIG IDEA: Only eukaryotic cells have a
nucleus and other membrane-bound
organelles.
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp04/0402001.html
Title Page
• Think of a drawing for your title page. Will you use an
animal cell drawing with labels…what kind of drawing do you
want to have for your catalog. (1 point)
• Label the drawing (1 point)
• Think of a name for your catalog of organelles (What
analogy will you use for this catalog) (1 point)
• Put your name, date and period on this page (1 point)
• Finish for homework tonight, and study for your Lab 6 quiz
tomorrow.
Cell Membrane
• The cell membrane is the boundary
between the inside of the cell and the
external environment.
• Cells must acquire nutrients and get rid of
wastes.
• The membrane controls traffic of
substances into/out of the cell.
• Analogy: security guard
4 macromolecules make
up organelles
• Proteins, lipids (fats), carbohydrates,
and nucleic acids
• The cell membrane is mostly made
of lipids (phospholipids) with some
proteins as well.
• All cells have cell
membranes, but only some cells
(plant/fungi/bacteria) have cell
walls.
cell walls.
• plant/fungi/bacteria only
The wall is rigid and
helps support and
protect the cell.
The cell wall is mainly
made of cellulose, a
complex carbohydrate
Phospholipid bilayer
The cytoplasm contains the
organelles of a cell
• The cytoplasm is the region of
the cell between the membrane
and the nucleus. It consists of
a gelatin-like fluid which
“bathes” the organelles.
– It is a solution with dissolved salts,
minerals, etc.
• Region where most of the cell’s
activities are carried out.
Organelles provide
compartments for specialized
activities to occur
• Mitochondria (or mitochondrion)
– Transfers energy from organic compounds
(food) to ATP (a molecule that provides
energy for the cell to do “work”).
– Analogy: Power Plant- converts energy to a
usable form.
– Think of ATP as a cell’s “energy bank”
– Structure: surrounded by 2 membranes; a
smooth outer membrane and a folded inner
membrane. The folds allow for a lot of space
for chemical reactions to occur.
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes
• DNA contains the instructions that control
growth and development of an organism.
However, it is only like the blueprints for a new
house. A contractor is needed to build the house
according to the plans in the blueprint.
• Growth and development depends on the
production of proteins.
– Ribosomes make (synthesize)
proteins
• Analogy: Construction workers.
Ribosomes
Go back over your notes
• Write out a question for each
organelle
• Use a different color to underline
each organelle along with it’s
structure and function
More on Ribosomes
• Structure: made up of proteins and RNA.
– They are not membrane-bound so they are
found in both prokayotic and eukaryotic
cells.
• Some are attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum; others float freely in the
cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• It’s an “intracellular highway”; molecules
move from one part of the cell to another
through the ER.
• Rough ER: studded with ribosomes; plays a
role in protein synthesis.
• Smooth ER: synthesizes lipids, breaks down
toxic substances.
• Structure: membranous tubules and sacs
• Analogy: factory; conveyor belts, machines,
etc.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
• Works closely with the ER. It processes,
packages, and helps release substances
made by the cell (ex: proteins).
– A protein made by a ribosome on the ER will be
transported to the golgi where it is processed
and given a “shipping label” before being
secreted (released) from the cell.
• Analogy: shipping department, Post
Office
• Structure: flattened membranous sacslike pancakes.
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
• Contain enzymes (a special type of
protein) that digest (break down)
molecules, old organelles, viruses, and
bacteria.
• Analogy: garbage/waste disposal.
• Structure: spherical, single membrane
– Note: rare in plant cells
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
• Provides support for the cell, may
allow for movement of the cell or
within the cell.
• Analogy: frame of a car/house.
• Made of microfilaments and
microtubules; strands of protein.
• Not surrounded by membrane.
Cytoskeleton
Nucleus
• Besides the cytoplasm the nucleus is the
other major region of a cell.
• Stores hereditary (genetic) informationDNA. It also synthesizes RNA.
• Analogy: county office that stores the
original building blueprints. “Brain”,
stores info and sends out messages.
• Structure: surrounded by a double
membrane = nuclear envelope. Membrane
has pores that allow molecules to pass
through.
Nucleus
•Inside the nucleus is an area called the nucleolus which is where ribosomes
are made.
Go back over your notes
• Write out a question for each
organelle
• Use a different color to underline
each organelle along with it’s
structure and function
Choose an organelle page to work
on. Everyone at your table will do
a different organelle
• Describe the organelle’s structure
and function (2 points)
• Draw a picture (1 point)
• Decide a price (1 point)
• Next show your group what you did
Plant cells and Animal cells have
some key differences
• A cell wall
• Vacuole: stores salts, minerals,
nutrients, water, etc., and plays
an important structural role for the
plant
• Surrounded by a membrane
• Analogy: Warehouse
Vacuole
Plastids
• Plastids: contain pigments, may
store food (starch)
– Chloroplasts: transfer energy from
the sun to make organic compounds
(food)
– Structure: surrounded by doublemembrane, contain chlorophyll.
– Analogy: solar panels
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear membrane
Nucleus