Download 1. Semester Introduction to functional neurobiology

1. Seminar
Basics of Neurobiology
2nd Semester: Introduction to Functional
Neurobiology
1st Semester:
Pázmány Péter Catholic University
Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Institute of Experimental Medicine
Department of Neurobiology
Prof. Tamás Freund
Dr. Imre Kalló
Prof. Zsolt Liposits
1
Basics of Neurobiology – 1. Semester
Introduction to functional neurobiology – 2. Semester
Two major goals:
(1) Use knowledge from neurobiology to revolutionise
information technology
(2) Employ the modern bio-, nano-, computer technology
to simultaneously study a multitude of neurons
Ad 1. Achievements of adaptation to changing
environment, evolution and phylogenesis during billions
of Years are “in front of our nose”.
The “only” task is
(1) to recognise them – studying the different
forms of life (before we loose any species), and
the normal and compensatory processes
employed
(2) to adopt them in our instruments and projects
300 mm  slice
~706,5 cm2
400x625 mm
surface
~ 2500 cm2
Narrowing the gap between technology and biology in
physical terms is a success.
5.4 billion
transistors in
the SyNaptic
chip
10-20 billion (109)
neurons in the cortex
100-500 trillion (1012)
synapses in the cortex
In 2015 - 10 nm
technology
synaptic vesicles:
20-40 nm
Multi-gate
fin transistor
Penryn
processzor
Poly Depletion
Elimination:
Metal Gate
Gate Leakage
Reduction: HiK•
Tunnel
transistor
Why Can’t a Computer Be
More Like a Brain?
Speaker: Jeff Hawkins, the developer of
the PalmPilot and Treo smartphone.
Society for
Neuroscience
Annual
Meetings in
the US
But there are a lot more to do in terms of function!
Which one is a cat, and which one is a dog?
6
5
What features of these images can be used to
determine, which one is a cat or a dog ?
4
1
3
2
7
12
10
8
9
11
14
13
15
16
Which fungus is eatable and which one is toxic?
4
2
3
1
8
7
6
12
10
9
11
The time spent on learning can not be saved!
The human brain gains the informations also via learning, based on
which it is able to identify subjects, animals, people within seconds.
Our creativity is based on the aquired informations.
Creativity is an attitude and an ability to bring aquired but
originally isolated experiences together, which appear as new
thinking schemes, new experiences, and imaginations or products,
either in the art, science and technology or the everyday life.
Pszichológiai Értelmező Szótár, 1981
Ad 2. Neurons are complicated machines, they carry out
subtle computations and signal one another using an
incredible array of chemical, electrical, genomic and
mechanical means.
….and there are 100 billion (1011) neurons in the brain –
the co-operative interaction among different
subpopulations appears as a very high variety of human
behaviors
The challenge is there – investigate simultaneously a
multitude of neurons
The European Commission will award a total of two billion euros
to two projects one of which focuses on basic research on the brain
and brain diseases such as depression, Parkinson’s disease and
Alzheimer’s and possibly develop new treatments. (Source:
Reuters, Brussels, Monday, January 28, 2013)
The Obama administration is planning a decade-long scientific
effort to examine the workings of the human brain and build a
comprehensive map of its activity, seeking to do for the brain what
the Human Genome Project did for genetics. (Source: New York
Times, New York, February 17, 2013)
In Hungary National Brain Research Program (NAP) 12 billion
Forints for 2014-2018.
Instruments are needed to record and report
……and report about the chemical, electrical, genomic
and mechanical changes of a multitude of neurons
nanosensors
supercomputers
What do we aim during the
seminars….
1. To inform you about methods used in neuroscience
2. To provide a feed back about your progress in studying
neurobiology
3. To give a handle to elaborate a topic and give a talk about it.
4. To gain experience about test-questions before the exams
What we are going to do during the
seminars….
1. Filling out tests about topics presented during the lectures.
Single tests – every week and multiple tests – midterm
2. Discussing methods used to collect data about the structure and
function of the nervous tissue.
3. Demonstrations of selected topics.
Work during the seminars – 30% of the total
performance can be managed
1. Tests written every week from topics of the
preceeding lectures - 10 points.
2. Prezentations given at set dates from selected
topics of the preceeding lectures - 5 points.
3. Midterm test – 15 points
Calculation of the points – Performance is measured in
percentage (achieved point/maximum achievable points
x100) and converted to 10 points
Slide presentation
One has to prepare a short (5 slide-) presentation and a single
page word document from selected topics of the lectures. The
date of presentation is arranged in advance.
The word document and the presentation has to be sent
to me before the seminar
[email protected]
The presentation has to be given during the seminar
Sources to be used– Slideshows of lectures and seminars,
materials provided at the Neurobiology folder, internet, books.
Evaluation of the performance
Tests every week:
Presentation once during the semester:
Mid-term test:
0-10
0-5
0-15
The 3 best performing students will receive 10 additional points!
To register for the exam, students’performance ought to reach 50%
during the semester!
Final exam:
0-70
-------------------0-100
COLLECTION OF INFORMATION
FROM THE INTERNET
PUBMED is a bibliographic database of NLM (National Library of
Medicine) .
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi
Papers
E-books
Search
Keywords
Authors
Journals
Downloads – full text is only from Journals with free access e.g.
http://www.pnas.org/
pdf , html, PubReader, ePUB
Service payed by the goverment
SCIENCE DIRECT is a fulltext and database service of Elsevier .
WEB OF SCIENCE is a bibliographic database and citation index of
ISI (Institute for Scientific Information).
Citation
Impact factor
After registration one can access them from the following websites:
http://www.eduport.hu/
http://www.eisz.hu/hu
Further sources
Neuroscience societies
Society for Neuroscience (SFN)
http://www.sfn.org/
International Brain Research Organization (IBRO)
http://www.ibro.org/
Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS)
http://www.fens.org/
Universities, research institutes and groups
e.g. http://www.nih.gov/science/
Companies and distributors
e.g. http://www.probes.com/
Foundations
e.g. http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/
A few questions in neuroscience:
I. Puberty
Rapid changes of mood.
Burst of anger.
Endless laughing, etc.
Why?
Answer: changes occur in the brain
Girls
Boys
Hypothalamus
LHRH
LH
FSH
Testosterone
DHT
Estradiol
Mistery! Most of the cycle estrogens exert negative effects on
the hypothalamic circuitry; in contrast the effect is pozitive
during a short period of mid-cycle!
GnRH
KP
What cells
are the target
of estrogens?
GnRH-ERa
VP
VP-ERb
E2
GnRH
D
A
CR-ERa
GnRH-ERb
B
AVPV
SCN
ARC
E
Kisspeptin
Hershey, Pennsylvania
The kisspeptin system shows sex differences
A few questions in neuroscience:
II. Estrogen effects
Estrogen receptors – regulation of certain genes
Effect of dioxin
Dioxin sources
New approaches in neuroscience:
Optogenetics
Lin D, Boyle MP, Dollar P, Lee H, Lein ES, Perona P, Anderson
DJ.:
FUNCTIONAL IDENTIFICATION OF AN
AGGRESSION LOCUS IN THE MOUSE
HYPOTHALAMUS.
Nature. 2011 Feb 10;470(7333):221-6.
Division of Biology 216-76, California Institute of Technology,1201 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125,
USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology,1201 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California
91125, USA.
Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98103, USA.
Computation and Neural Systems 136-93, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena,
California 91125, USA.
The plot of the action thriller „Universal soldier” covers most of the
results of this paper
US. Special Forces revealed, how to seize control
over selected soldiers.
Authors of this paper identified the brain region
involved in aggression.
US. Special Forces treat the soldiers with drugs and
the soldiers execute commands emotionless.
Authors of this paper modify a selected part of the
brain, stimulate it through optic fibers and the
mice attack any moving objects including
females, which induce normally mating behavior.
US. Special Forces recognise, that some soldiers
escape from the control.
Authors prevent mice from attacking intruders by
modifying a selected part of the brain.
Resident-intruder test
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