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Cell Structure and
Function
1. Cell –
Smallest unit that can carry
out all of the activities
necessary for life
Aka: the basic units of life
Cell Theory
2. 3 Parts of the Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure
and function in all living things.
3. New cells are produced from existing
cells.
Human cell
Bacteria cell
• Prokaryotic cells are smaller and have a
large surface-to-volume ratio means
that nutrients can easily and rapidly
reach any part of the cells interior.
• Eukaryotic cell- larger cells which means
nutrients cannot rapidly diffuse to all
interior parts of the cell.
• Why eukaryotic cells require a variety of
specialized internal organelles to carry
out metabolism, provide energy, and
transport chemicals throughout the cell
2 Main Types of Cells
3. Types of Cells
A. Prokaryotes -have NO
nucleus and NO membrane
bound organelles.
PROKARYOTE Pro = “before”, karyon = “nucleus”
4. Single Cell
•
•
•
•
“PRO” means “NO”
contain genetic information but NO NUCLEUS
Ex: Only Bacteria
They grow, reproduce, respond to the
environment, and some can move by gliding
along surfaces with the help of flagellum.
Figure 7.4 A prokaryotic cell
5. Eukaryotes -have a nucleus and membrane
bound organelles
Eu = “true”, karyon = “nucleus”
Eukaryotic cells require a variety of
specialized internal organelles to carry
out metabolism, provide energy, and
transport chemicals throughout the cell
Eukaryotic Cell
6. EUKARYOTE Summary
• Can be unicellular or multicellular
• Always HAS A NUCLEUS that seperates
genetic information from the rest of the cell.
• Has membrane bound organelles.
• Examples: plants, animals, fungi and protists.
• Divided into 2 major parts: nucleus and
cytoplasm
7. Organelles
Organ = A group of tissues with one or
a few functions : heart, lung, stomach,
liver, pancreas, skin, kidney, etc.)
-elle = small or tiny
Organelle = tiny specialized organs
8. CELL MEMBRANE – “strainer or
screen” (thin flexible barrier around
the cell)
a. Semi-permeable – regulates what enters
and leaves the cell.
b. Protects cell & holds cell together
c. Made of phospholipids
d. Also called the Plasma Membrane
9. CYTOPLASM- portion of the cell
outside the nucleus (jelly-like
material)
2 purposes of cytoplasm:
• Supports cell parts
• Allows cell parts to move
10. NUCLEUS – “brain” contains all the
cell’s DNA and with it coded instructions
for making proteins.
Control center of the cell
3a. CHROMOSOMES
Contains the DNA/genes that direct the
making of proteins to make an organisms
traits
i. Chromatin is long thin
invisible DNA
ii. Chromosomes are
short fat condensed
visible DNA
11. NUCLEOLUS
Controls cell reproduction and makes
ribosomes which make proteins
12. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
Controls what enters and leaves the
nucleus
13. VACUOLES – “storage boxes”
a. Storage of food and water, wastes and
enzymes
b. Animal cells have many small ones
while plant cells have one large one
Plant
Vacuole
14. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
“bus” (highway)
a. Transport system in the cell
b. The site where lipids of the cell
membrane are assembled, along with
proteins and other materials that are
exported from the cell.
c. Rough ER with ribosomes and
smooth without ribosomes.
15. RIBOSOMES -Produce
proteins for the cell “protein
factories”
16. MITOCHONDRIA (powerhouse)
a. Converts stored food into energy
ATP for the cell to use.
17. GOLGI BODY – “packaging plant”
(post office)
a. Package & exports protein from the
cell
• Hair, finger nails are good examples of
these proteins
ORGANELLES
FOUND IN
ONLY
ANIMAL CELLS
ANIMAL CELLS ONLY
18. CENTRIOLE
• Small part of animal cell that helps
in cell division
ANIMAL CELLS ONLY
19. LYSOSOME (garbage collector)
a. Contain enzymes that digest or
gets rid of worn out cell parts,
bacteria or viruses
b. Found in carnivorous plants
•ORGANELLES
FOUND IN
ONLY
PLANT CELLS
PLANT CELLS ONLY
20. CELL WALL lie outside the cell
membrane
a. Provide support and protection for
the cell.
b. Made of Cellulose which makes
plant stiff
21. CHLOROPLAST (green)
a. Filled with the green pigment
chlorophyll
b. Makes chemical energy in the form
of sugar from sunlight in the process
called photosynthesis.
13. CENTRAL VACUOLE
• membrane bound organelle which is present in all plant
and fungal cells and some protest
• Huge vacuole in plant cells used for:
• storage
• Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the
cell
• Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within
the cell
• Exporting unwanted substances from the cell
• Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and
flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Vacuole
Ribosome
(free)
Chloroplast
Ribosome
(attached)
Cell
Membrane
Nuclear
envelope
Cell wall
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Plant Cell
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear
envelope
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Ribosome
(attached)
Ribosome
(free)
Cell
Membrane
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Animal Cell
Answers to VENN Diagram
• Prokaryotes
Smaller
Flagella
No nucleus
Contains DNA
floating freely
cell wall composed of
peptidoglycan
divide by binary
fission
VS
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
membrane bound.
have ribosomes
.similar basic
metabolism
Eukaryotes
Nucleus
membrane-bound
organelles
DNA is within nucleus
undergo mitosis
10 times larger
Differences
•
DIFERENCES:
1. eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not
2. eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes do not. The
organelles of eukaryotes allow them to exhibit much higher levels of
intracellular division of labor than is possible in prokaryotic cells.
3. Eukaryotic cells are, on average, ten times the size of prokaryotic cells.
4. The DNA of eukaryotes is much more complex and therefore much more
extnsive than the DNA of prokaryotes.
5. Prokaryotes have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, a single large
polymer of amino acids and sugar . Many types of eukaryotic cells also have
cell walls, but none made of peptidoglycan.
6. The DNA of prokaryotes floats freely around the cell; the DNA of
eukaryotes is held within its nucleus and associated with histones (proteins)
7. Eukaryotes undergo mitosis; prokaryotes divide by binary fission (simple
cell division)
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
Animal Cells
Centrioles
Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton