Download Study Guide: Meiosis and Genetics

Study Guide: Meiosis and Genetics
Unit 3.3 DNA Structure
3.3.1 What are the 3 building blocks of the DNA molecule?
3.3.2 What are the complete names for the 4 bases found in DNA? How do these pair
up?
3.3.3 What type of chemical bonds hold together the nucleotides?
3.3.4 What type of bonds hold together the complementary strands of DNA?
How do these compare in terms of strength to the bonds holding the nucleotides?
3.3.5 Draw and label a simple diagram of the DNA molecule.
3.4.1 Explain DNA replication. Describe each step. (possible essay)
3.4.2 Why does adenine only pair with thymine and guanine with cytosine? How is this
related to one of the bases being a purine and the other a pyrimidine?
3.4.3 What is meant by semi-conservative replication? How is this different from a
conservative model for replication?
3.5.1 How is RNA different from DNA?
3.5.2 Outline the steps which take place and the enzymes involved in transcription.
(Possible essay)
3.5.3 What is a codon? Why is the DNA code “degenerate”?
3.5.4 Explain the process of translation. Where does this occur, What forms of RNA are
involved and what is ultimately formed as a result of translation? (good essay question)
Unit 7 Nucleic Acid and Proteins
7.1.1 What is meant by DNA being made of two anti-parallel strands?
Draw a 6 carbon sugar molecule and label the 3 prime and 5 prime carbons. What is
bonded to these carbons?
7.1.2 What is the nucleosome? How are histone proteins involved?
7.1.3 How are nucleosomes related to the structure of chromosomes?
7.1.4 About what fraction of DNA constitutes actual genes?
What is satellite DNA? How is satellite DNA used in biotechnology?
7.1.5 What are exons and introns? How is mature RNA processed?
7.2.1 In what direction does DNA replication occur? How does this result in “Okasaki
fragments”?
7.2.2 What is the role of the following enzymes in DNA replication:
helicase,
DNA polymerase III,
RNA primase,
DNA ligase.
7.2.3 What is a replication bubble? How doe these bubbles speed the rate of DNA
replication?
7.3.1 In what direction is transcription carried out?
7.3.2 Which strand of DNA is used for RNA transcription, the sense or the anti-sense
strand?
7.3.3. Explain the process of transcription including:
The promoter region
RNA polymerase
Nucleoside triphosphates
Teminator region
7.4.1 Why does each transfer RNA only bind with one specific amino acid? What
regulates this?
7.4.2 Describe the structure of the ribosome. What is it made of?
7.4.3 Outline the steps of translation including initiation, elongation, translocation, and
termination.
7.4.5 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a peptide bond between two
amino acids. (Show complete amino acid)
7.4.6 What is the role of “polysomes” or polyribosomes in the process of translation?
7.4.7 what is the difference in roles for the free ribosomes versus the ribsomes bound to
the ER?
7. 5.1 Explain the four levels of protein structure and why each is significant. A diagram
may be useful.
7.5.2 What is the difference between globular and fibrous proteins? Give an example of
each.
7.5.3 What is the significance of polar and non-polar amino acids
7.5.4 State four functions of proteins, giving a named example of each.
7.6.1 What do enzymes do? Use examples.
7.6.2 Contrast the “lock and key” and “induced fit” model of enzyme activity.
7.6.3 What do enzymes do in terms of activation energy to speed chemical reactions?
Genetic Engineering
1. What are Restriction Enzymes?
Explain where they come from and how they cut DNA.
2. If the same restriction enzyme, such as EcoR1 is used to cut two separate pieces of
DNA, why will the two fragments stick together?
3. How does Gel-Electrophoresis work and what is it used for?
4. How is electrophoresis done?
5. Use a simulated electrophoresis gel to match a child with parents, or a suspect to a
crime scene, such as shown in notes of class handouts.
6. what is a DNA plasmid? How did we obtain and use plasmid DNA in our
electrophoresis lab?
7. Explain the cause of Tay sacs disease or Cystic Fibrosis.
IB Units 4 and 10
Topic 4
4.1.1 What is the composition of eukaryotic chromosomes?
4.1.2 Define the following:
GeneAlleleGenomeGene Mutation- (include examples)
4.1.4 Explain the consequence of a base substitution mutation such as sickle-cell anemia.
4.2.1 What happens during the process of meiosis. Describe in general terms, where,
what and how the product is different from mitosis.
4.2.2 What are homologous chromosomes?
4.2.3 Outline the process of meiosis including the pairing of chromosomes, crossing over,
and production of 4 haploid cells. Know all the steps.
4.2.4 What is non-disjunction? What condition is the result of this?
4.2.5 What is a karyotype? How is it used by doctors? How is it done?
4.2.7 Interpret a human karyotype for an abnormality such as those studied in the
Karyotype lab.
4.3.1 Define the following:
genotypephenotypedominant allelerecessive allelecodominant alleleslocushomozygousheterozygouscarrierTest cross4.3.2 Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring in a monohybrid cross using
a Punnett Square.
Example: Bb X bb
4.3.3 Give an example of a gene with multiple alleles.
4.3.4 Describe how the ABO blood groups serve as examples of the following:
Co-dominance (incomplete dominance)Multiple Alleles4.3.5 Explain how the sex chromosomes control gender. How are these inherited?
4.3.7 Define sex linkage4.3.8 What are two examples of sex linked traits in humans?
1.
2.
4.3.9 What is the genotype for an x linked recessive carrier?
4.3.11 What are the genotypes and phenotypic ratios for offspring from the following
cross?
X1X and XY Where X1 represents an X linked recessive trait.
4.3.12 Deduce the genotypes and phenotypes of individuals from a pedigree chart. See
Lab
Topic 10
10.1.2 What is the chiasmata? What happens here?
10.1.3 What characteristics of meiosis enable this process to effectively produce an
infinite variety of gametes?
10.1.4 State Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment. How does this relate to meiosis
10.2.1 Calculate and predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of offspring of dihybrid
crosses from unlinked autosomal genes.
Example: BbGg X bbGg
P1 generation
What is the F1 generation ratio?
10.2.2 What is the difference between an autosome and a sex chromosome?
10.2.3 Explain how crossing over of non-sister chromatids of a homologous pair in
Prophase 1 can result in an exchange of alleles.
10.2.4Define Linkage Group-
10.2.5 Explain an example of a cross between two linked genes T and B such as:
(what does this represent?)
T B___
_______
t b
10.2.6 Using the format shown, represent possible “recombinant” offspring from the
following cross:
T B
____
t b
10.3.1 Define Polygenic inheritance using the example of human skin color-
Pedigree Practice :Do Problems 2, 3, 4 on p. 434 in Kent Text.
Topic 6: Human Health and Physiology
6.2 The transport system: Heart and Blood
6.2.1 Draw and label a diagram of the heart showing the four chambers, blood vessels,
valves and the route of blood through the heart.
6.2.2 The coronary artery supplies heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients
6.2.3 Describe the action of the heart in terms of collecting blood, pumping blood and
opening and closing valves.
6.2.4 The Cardiac Cycle: control of the heart beat. Outline the control oof the heartbeat in
terms of myogenic muscle contractgion, the pacemaker (SA node), nerves, the brain, and
epinephrine (adrenaline).
6.2.5 Explain the relationship between the structure and function of arteries,
capillaries and veins.
6.2.6 State that blood is composed of plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes (phagocytes and
lymphocytes) and platelets.
6.2.7 State that the following are transported by the blood: nutrients, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, hormones, antibodies, urea, and heat
6.3 Defense against infectious disease.
6.3.1 Define pathogen
6.3.2 Explain why antibiotics are effective against bacteria, but not viruses.
6.3.3 Explain how skin and mucous membranes act as barriers against pathogens.
6.3.4 Outline how phagocytic leucocytes ingest pathogens in the blood and in body
tissues.
6.3.5 State the difference between antigens and antibodies.
6.3.6 Explain antibody production.
6.3.7 Outline the effects of HIV on the immune system.
6.3.8 Explain the cause, transmission and social implications of AIDS.
6.4 Gas Exchange
6.4.1 State the difference between ventilation, gas exchange and cell respiration.
6.4.2 Explain the necessity for a ventilation system.
6.4.3 List the features of alveoli that adapt them to gas exchange.
6.4.4 Draw and label a diagram of the ventilation system including trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles and
6.4.5 Explain the mechanism of ventilation
in human lungs.