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The Cell Discovery Project
Name: ___________________
Block: _____
Preparation Learning Goals
By the end of this unit you should be able to say “I can, or I will…”
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Describe the development of the cell theory
Understand that all living things are composed of cells.
Understand that cells carry on major functions to sustain life.
Understand that cellular function is similar in all living things.
Name and describe the functions of the organelles of the cell.
Analyze processes within animal cells that are responsible for capture and
release of energy, information feedback, waste disposal, reproduction,
movement and specialized needs.
Prep Learning Activities
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Cell Vocabulary (resource)
Cell Vocabulary Wordle (Make this using the words from the above- Due _________ )
Plant and animal cells illustrations (Science book as a resource- Due _________)
Big Ideas: Cell Physiology (Close critical reading- Due _________)
Cell Physiology Walkthrough (Fill in the blank notes- Due _________)
Power Question!
To answer this you will need to understand the goals above. You will produce a model, a multimedia project
or a set of products that demonstrate that you understand the Power Question.
How is a cell like a city?
Explain how the two are similar, including how the organelles of a cell perform activities like the
utilities that support a city.
Demonstration Activities
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Physical model, labeled with explanations of the analogous functions
Multimedia project
Video
Product set- a set of products, drawings small models, or other things that you talk to
the teacher about that demonstrate the Power Question.
Cell Vocabulary
Use this as a resource. Also make a Wordle poster using these terms
1. Cell – a basic unit of structure and function in all organisms.
2. Cell membrane – the semi-permeable membrane that encloses the contents of a cell
3. Cell theory – states that all organisms are made up of one or more cells, the cell is the basic
unit of life, and all cells come from other cells
4. Cell wall – the rigid, outermost layer of a plant cell
5. Chlorophyll – the green pigment in the leaves and stems of plants that is necessary for the
production of plant food by photosynthesis
6. Chloroplast – a small oval green bit of protoplasm that contains chlorophyll and is the
location of photosynthesis.
7. Cytoplasm – inherited genetic material in a cell not specified by its own nucleus.
8. Endoplasmic reticulum – organelle in the cytoplasm that moves materials around in a cell
and is made up of a complex series of folded membranes; can be rough or smooth
9. Eukaryote – an organism whose cells have a distinct membrane-bound nucleus and
organelle
10. Golgi bodies – organelles that package cellular material and transport them within the cell
or out of the cell
11. Lysosomes – the organelle that contains enzymes to break down or digest organic
compounds and old organelle
12. Mitrochondria – any of the very tiny rod-like or string-like structures that occur in nearly all
cells of plants and animals, and that process food for energy
13. Multicellular – composed of more than one cell
14. Nucleolus – a small spherical body in the nucleus of a cell, consisting of protein and RNA.
15. Nucleus – the part of a cell that controls growth and reproduction.
16. Organelle – structure in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that can act as a storage site,
process energy, move materials, or manufacture substances
17. Prokaryote – a unicellular organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane organelle
18. Ribsome – small structure on which cells make their own proteins
19. Unicellular – composed of only one cell
20. Vacuole – a membranous enclosure within a cell that contains substances
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Labeled Cell Illustrations: Plant Cell
Labeled Cell Illustrations: Animal Cell
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Big Ideas: Cell Physiology
As the basic units of life, individual cells have needs and functions that are similar to those
of multi-cellular organisms. Among these functions cells have to be able to capture and release
energy, dispose of wastes, reproduce and some of them move.
The microscopic world of cells is very diverse and includes two different types of cells: those
without a nucleus (the bacteria), that are known as prokaryotic cells and are small and primitive;
and those with a nucleus (plant, animal, protozoa, algae, and fungi) that are known as eukaryotic
that are more advanced and generally larger than the more primitive types.
Some cells are producers and make their own food internally. These cells are plants or
protists, and most of them contain the organelles called chloroplasts. This is a specialized organelle
that captures the sun’s energy using a pigment called chlorophyll. Once the sun’s energy has been
absorbed the chloroplast uses carbon dioxide and water with the energy from the sun to make
sugar molecules, specifically glucose which is the basic unit of energy for almost all living cells.
All cells use energy in a process called respiration. Respiration and photosynthesis are chemical
reactions that are exactly opposite to each other.
Other cells are animal-like. These cells are consumers. They capture and consume other
cells, some producers, and some other consumers. Another type of cell breaks down dead material,
and wastes from other cells. This type of cell, many of them bacteria, and some that are protists,
are decomposers.
Eukaryotic cells contain structures called organelles, which are the sites for specific
functions such of cellular metabolism that are really similar to what your organs do in your body.
Cellular metabolism, like your metabolism, is a function of all the organelles in the cell working
together to carry out the functions that make a cell a living thing.
The cell membrane is the outer boundary of the cell, and regulates what materials can come
into the cell, and what materials can pass out of the cell. Some materials, larger molecules, require
the cell to expend energy to open special gates in the cell membrane to bring these materials
inside. This is known as active transport. Active transport can be done in several ways, but is
usually referred to as endocytosis. This term literally means to bring something inside the cell.. In
one of the most common a cell, like an amoeba that has a very flexible cell membrane can surround
a food item in a process called phagocytosis. It flow around the food item, and surrounds it, and
then brings it into the cell. The term phagocytosis means that the cell surrounds an item and eats it.
Other molecules, usually smaller ones like water, and some gases can pass through the cell
membrane without requiring the cell to use any energy. This is known as passive transport. The
most important kinds of passive transport are diffusion, where materials move across the cell
membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration until the amount of
the material is about the same on each side of the membrane. This is referred to as equilibrium,
and this is the point where diffusion stops. The diffusion of water has its own name. It is referred to
as osmosis.
Once material passes through the cell membrane it enters the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is a
semi-liquid gel that fills up the inside of the cell, and in which all the organelles are suspended.
Water is very important to maintaining the cytoplasm in a healthy cell. Within the cytoplasm are tine
fibers and microtubules that give the cell structure and support called the cytoskeleton.
The nucleus of the cell is the center of the cell’s operations, and contains the DNA, the
instructions for making everything the cell makes. Besides the DNA the nucleus also contains the
nucleolus, a tiny organelle that makes ribosomes, the important protein assembling organelles in
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the cell. Ribosomes move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. To make proteins the DNA in the
nucleus unzips and is coped by a special molecule called mRNA. The mRNA moves out into the
cytoplasm to the ribosomes. There the ribosome reads the code for making a protein out of the
amino acids that float around in the cell, taken or made from the cell’s food supply. A different
molecule called tRNA takes amino acids to the ribosome, and the ribosome assembles proteins.
Most of the structures in the cell are made from combinations of proteins.
Materials that need to be moved around in the cell, proteins, food particles, or trash that
needs to be ejected from the cell are packaged by a special organelle called a Golgi Body. The
material to be moved is packed in a special package called a vesicle. In a way Golgi Bodies are like
a combination of UPS and the trash collector.
The eukaryotic cell has a special highway system that reaches from the nucleus to the cell
membrane called the endoplasmic reticulum. This is a folded membrane that most materials are
moved across as they are moved through the cell. Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes
embedded in it, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) does not.
When a cell is breaking down sugar into food the sugar molecule moves across the cell
membrane. In the cytoplasm it is broken down further by the lysosomes, or “breaking bodies” that
use special enzymes to recycle worn out cell parts, break down food molecules, and destroy
invading bacteria and viruses. When the sugar has been broken down by the lysosomes it is taken
into the mitochondria where it is turned into simpler molecules that cell can use directly for energy.
To remain alive and function optimally, cells must maintain a biological balance, or
homeostasis, by controlling and regulating what gets into and out of the cell. Metabolism is the sum
total of all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells, and thus the
organism.
Notes/Questions:
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Cell Physiology WalkThrough
Name: _____________ Block: ___
Use your resources to answer the following questions
Cells
1. The ____________ _______________________ provides the outer layer of a cell and
determines what can come in and out.
2. When a substance goes into the cell without using energy from the cell this is
___________________ ___________________ .
3. A sugar molecule comes in through the cell membrane, and is further broken down by the
_______________________ in the cytoplasm of the cell.
4. ___________________ is the process in which a cell uses energy by breaking down sugar
molecules.
5. The general term that describes active transport is called ___________________ .
6. The most common form of passive transport is ___________________ .
7. Once a sugar molecule has been broken down in the cytoplasm by the ___________________ it
is turned into energy the cell can used by the _______________________.
8.
Waste, food, proteins, and other materials are transported from place to place inside the cell
by the ___________________ ___________________
9. The _______________________ is the operations center of the cell storing the
_________________ and keeping it safe.
10. Copies of the DNA, called mRNA are used by the protein factories of the cell, the
_______________________ to make the proteins a cell will need to survive.
11. The ___________________ ___________________ is a folded membrane that acts like a
highway in the cell.
12. The ___________________ is a tiny organelle inside the nucleus that makes ribosomes.
13. Primitive cells without membranes or distinctive organelles are ___________________ .
14. More advanced cells with membrane bound organelles are ___________________ .
15. All cells must maintain a balanced metabolism in a process called ___________________ .
Plant Cells
16. The organelle that provides a barrier and maintains the rigidity of the plant cell is the
___________________ ___________________ .
17. The ___________________ is the organelle in the plant cell where photosynthesis occurs.
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