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Transcript
Cell Growth and Mitosis Notes: What problems does growth cause for cells? The larger a cell becomes… • the more __________ the cell places on its ____________ • more trouble moving enough ___________ and __________ across the ______________. The rate at which ________, ___________, _________, and__________ are moved in and out of the cell is dependent on the ________________ of the cell. The rate at which ____________, ___________ and ____________ are used and ___________ is produced depends on the cell’s ______________. Ratio of Surface Area to Volume As the length of a cell increases, its volume increases than the . The ______________ in the cell’s ratio of surface area to volume makes it more ____________ for the cell to move needed _____________ in and __________ products out quickly enough for the cell to survive. Division of the Cell Before it becomes too __________, a growing cell ____________ forming ______________ cells. The process by which a cell divides into ____ new __________ cells is called _________________. Cell Division: In eukaryotes, cell division occurs in _____major stages. The first stage, division of the cell _____________, is called _______________. The second stage, division of the cell ______________, is called _______________. Chromosomes ______________ information is passed from one generation to the next on __________________. Before cell division, each chromosome is ____________, or copied (__________________). Each chromosome consists of two identical “sister” _______________. Each pair of ___________________ is attached at an area called the _________________. When the cell divides, the ____________ separate. Each new cell gets ____ chromatid. Label the chromatid and the centromere What are the main events of the cell cycle? Cell Cycle The ______________ is the series of events that cells go through as they _______ and __________. _______________ is the period of growth that occurs between cell divisions. During the cell cycle: • a cell _____________ • prepares for ________________ • divides to form 2 _______________ each of which begins the cycle again The cell cycle consists of four phases: • ____(First Gap Phase) -interphase • ________ -interphase • ________(Second Gap Phase) -interphase • ________ (Mitosis) Events of the Cell Cycle During _____, the cell • ____________ in size • synthesizes new __________ and __________ During the _____ phase, • chromosomes are ___________ • _______________ takes place (DNA _____________) • Once a cell enters the S phase, it usually completes the rest of the cell cycle. The ___________ (Second Gap Phase) • ____________ and molecules required for cell division are produced • Once ____is complete, the cell is ready to start the ___________________ Draw the cell cycle with labels: Mitosis Biologists divide the events of mitosis into four phases: - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Prophase: Draw Prophase Prophase is the first and ___________ phase of mitosis. The _____________ separate and take up positions on _____________ sides of the ____________. The centrioles lie in a region called the ________________. The ________________helps to organize the ______________, a fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the ________________. __________________ condenses into chromosomes. The centrioles ______________ and a _____________ begins to form. The nuclear envelope ____________________. Draw Metaphase Metaphase: The ____________ phase of mitosis is metaphase. The chromosomes line up _____________________ of the cell. _________________ connect the _________________ of each chromosome to the poles of the _______________. Draw Anaphase Anaphase: Anaphase is the___________phase of mitosis. The _______________ chromatids __________ into individual chromosomes. The chromosomes continue to ____________ until they have separated into __________________. Draw Telophase Telophase: Telophase is the ___________& _____________ phase of mitosis. Chromosomes gather at _____________ of the cell and ______ their distinct shape. A new _______________________ forms around each cluster of chromosomes. Cytokinesis: During cytokinesis, the ______________ pinches in ____________. Each ________________cell has an ______________ set of duplicate chromosomes Draw Cytokinesis In plants, a structure known as the _______________ forms midway between the divided nuclei. The __________________ gradually develops into a separating membrane. A _______________then begins to appear in the cell plate.